s the group of ruins here represented, which
may throw some light on the remains at Aztec Springs. The principal
feature is the triple walled tower, of which a plan is given. The tower
has a diameter of about forty-three feet, and a circumference of about
one hundred and thirty-five feet. The walls are traceable nearly all
the way around, and the space between the two outer ones, which is about
five feet, contains fourteen apartments or cells. The walls about one of
these cells were still standing at the time of Mr. Holmes's visit, but
the cell was filled with rubbish from the fallen walls. A door-way,
opening into this apartment, could still be seen. The inner wall was
probably never very high. It simply inclosed the estufa.

The ruins surrounding this tower consist of low, fallen walls, scarcely
traceable. The apartments number nearly one hundred, and were generally
rectangular. They are not of a uniform size, and were certainly not
arranged in regular order. Now, as Mr. Holmes observes, it would
certainly seem that, if they are the ruins of such structures as the
pueblos of the south, there would be some regularity of size, and some
systematic arrangement. He says that, in reality, they are more like a
cluster of pens, such as are used by the Moqui tribes for keeping sheep
and goats.

Since these surveys were made, Mr. Bandelier, as agent for the
Archaeological Institute, has made important researches. He finds that
the small, detached houses, such as we described in the ruined village
near Jemez, are found in Arizona, with a small court-yard or inclosure
attached to them. If we understand the description of the ruins just
mentioned, and those at Apache Springs, they are villages of these small
houses and their inclosures. In such villages the inclosures meet each
other, so as to form a checker-board of irregularly alternating houses
and courts. The houses are easily discernible from the fact of little
rubbish mounds having accumulated where they stood. Around these parts
of the wall can still be traced. This combination makes a strong, easily
defended position. Each of such villages contains one or more open
spaces of large size, but they are irregularly located.

We must notice one point more: Each village of this nature, that was of
any size, contained a larger ruin in the center. This was noticed in
the ruins at Aztec Springs. This larger building was in the nature of a
citadel, and there the inhabitants could