were murdered, the churches were sacked.
From this time doubtless date the ruins of the churches seen around
Jemez. At Pecos and many other places intertribal warfare set in. Bloody
battles were fought.

Neither were the Spaniards idle. In 1682 one expedition was made, and
at least two pueblo towns were destroyed by them. In 1689 the entire
country was reconquered. Some tribes were nearly exterminated, and all
more or less weakened and a great many ruins date from that time. It was
the beginning of a decline for the Pueblo tribes, and this decline was
hastened by intertribal warfare, by drought, and by ravages from wild
Indians. As to the drought, it is sufficient to state that some ruins
are now fifteen, and even twenty, miles from permanent water.
The Comanches were the scourge of the Pecos. On one occasion they
slaughtered all the young men but one. This was a blow from which they
never recovered. Finally reduced by sickness to but five adults, the
Pecos sold their lands and, at the invitation of their brethren at
Jemez, went to live with them, and the pueblo of Pecos speedily became
the ruins we now find it.<15>

No doubt a similar history could be written of many other ruins. "Our
people," said Hosta, "were a warlike race, and had many fights, not only
with the Spaniards, but also with other Indian tribes the Navajos and
Taos, for instance and were thus reduced to this pueblo of Jemez,
which now forms the last remnant." New Mexico is now becoming rapidly
"Americanized," and it will soon be brought to a test whether the
Pueblo tribes can withstand this new influence and retain their peculiar
civilization, or whether, like many other races, their life force is
nearly spent, in which case they will live only in history.

We must not overlook the Moki Pueblos in Arizona. They are situated
one hundred miles northwest of Zuni. The Spaniards discovered them, and
called their province Tusayan. They are much like the Pueblo tribes
of New Mexico, only they have been much less disturbed by outside
influence. There are a number of ruined towns in this vicinity. We wish
to refer to them because of their intimate connection with the ruins to
the North. Their houses are built of stone on precipitous mesas.

Illustration of Wolpi. (Maj Powell)------------

Lieut. Ives, who visited them in 1858, has left quite a full description
of them. He states that "each pueblo is built around a rectangular
court, in which, we suppose,