of the South.

It appears from the reports of the Freedmen's Bureau that the earliest
school for freedmen was opened by the American Missionary Association
at Fortress Monroe, September, 1861; and before the close of the war,
Hampton and Norfolk were leading points where educational operations
were conducted; but after the cessation of hostilities, teachers were
sent from Northern States, and schools for freedmen were opened in
all parts of the State.

The Colored normal school at Richmond, and the one at Hampton, were
commenced in 1867 and 1868. Captain C. S. Schaeffer, Bureau officer at
Christiansburg, commenced his remarkable efforts about the same time
in Montgomery County.

School superintendents for each State were appointed by the Freedmen's
Bureau, July 12, 1865, and a general superintendent, or "Inspector of
Schools," was appointed in September, 1865. These superintendents were
instructed "to work as much as possible in conjunction with State
officers, who may have had school matters in charge, and to take
cognizance of all that was being done to educate refugees and
freedmen." In 1866 an act of Congress was passed enlarging the powers
of the Bureau, and partially consolidating all the societies and
agencies engaged in educational work among the freedmen. In this bill
$521,000 were appropriated for carrying on the work, to which was to
be added forfeitures of property owned by the Confederate Government.
Up to January 1, 1868, over a million of dollars was expended for
school purposes among the freedmen. In Virginia 12,450 pupils are
reported for 1867. Mr. Manly, the Virginia superintendent, reports the
following statistics for the year 1867-8: Schools, 230; teachers, 290;
pupils enrolled, 14,300; in average attendance, 10,320; the cost as
follows:

From Charity $78,766
From the Freedmen 10,789
From the Bureau 42,844
--------
Total Cost $132,399

The amount raised from freedmen was in the form of small tuition fees
of from ten to fifty cents a month--a system approved by Mr. Manly.

In the final report to the Freedmen's Bureau, made July 1, 1870, the
Virginia statistics are: Schools, 344; teachers, 412; pupils, 18,234;
the average attendance, 78 per cent. This year the freedmen paid
$12,286.50 for tuition. Mr. C. S. Schaeffer and Mr. Samuel H. Jones,
who remained in Virginia as teachers--the former still at
Christiansburg, and the latter, until very