e next generation
will have no superiors in any of the schools of the country.

FOOTNOTES:

[117] For an account of this problem, see the Appendix to this volume.

[118] See the annual reports of the Superintendent of Public
Instruction for Virginia. There were more than 18,234 Colored children
in the schools of this State in 1870.

[119] Annual Report of the Hon. W. H. Ruffner, for 1874.

[120] For an account of the John F. Slater Bequest of $1,000.000 for
the education of the freedmen, see the Appendix to this volume.

[121] See report of the Commissioner.

[122] There is no disguising the fact that the ninth census was
incorrect. No doubt it was the worst we have ever had.

CHAPTER XXIII.

REPRESENTATIVE COLORED MEN.

THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION.--THE LEGAL DESTRUCTION
OF SLAVERY AND A CONSTITUTIONAL PROHIBITION.--FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT
GRANTING MANHOOD SUFFRAGE TO THE AMERICAN NEGRO.--PRESIDENT
GRANT'S SPECIAL MESSAGE UPON THE SUBJECT.--UNIVERSAL REJOICING
AMONG THE COLORED PEOPLE.--THE NEGRO IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE
AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.--THE NEGRO IN THE DIPLOMATIC
SERVICE OF THE COUNTRY.--FREDERICK DOUGLASS.--HIS BIRTH,
ENSLAVEMENT, ESCAPE TO THE NORTH, AND LIFE AS A FREEMAN.--BECOMES
AN ANTI-SLAVERY ORATOR.--GOES TO GREAT BRITAIN.--RETURNS TO
AMERICA.--ESTABLISHES THE "NORTH STAR."--HIS ELOQUENCE,
INFLUENCE, AND BRILLIANT CAREER.--RICHARD THEODORE GREENER.--HIS
EARLY LIFE, EDUCATION, AND SUCCESSFUL LITERARY CAREER.--JOHN P.
GREEN.--HIS EARLY STRUGGLES TO OBTAIN AN EDUCATION.--A SUCCESSFUL
ORATOR, LAWYER, AND USEFUL LEGISLATOR.--OTHER REPRESENTATIVE
COLORED MEN.--REPRESENTATIVE COLORED WOMEN.

The Government could not escape the logic of the position it took when
it made the Negro a soldier, and invoked his aid in putting down the
slave-holders' Rebellion. As a soldier he stood in line of promotion:
the Government destroyed the Confederacy when it placed muskets in the
hands of the slaves; and at the close of the war had to legally render
slavery forever impossible in the United States. The bloody deduction
of the great struggle had to be made a living, legal verity in the
Constitution, and hence the Thirteenth Amendment.

"ARTICLE XIII.

"SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as
a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted