e United States Supreme Court at
Washington.

The rights of citizens of the State, as such, are not under
consideration in the XIV. Amendment. They stand as they did
before the adoption of the XIV. Amendment, and are fully
guaranteed by other provisions. The rights of citizens of the
States have been the subject of judicial decision on more than
one occasion. (Corfield _agt._ Coryell, 4 Wash. C. C. R., 371.
Ward _agt._ Maryland, 12 Wall., 430. Paul _agt._ Virginia, 8
Wall., 140.) These are the fundamental privileges and immunities
belonging of right to the citizens of all free governments, such
as the right of life and liberty; the right to acquire and
possess property, to transact business, to pursue happiness in
his own manner, subject to such restraint as the Government may
adjudge to be necessary for the general good. In Cromwell _agt._
Nevada, 6 Wallace, 36, is found a statement of some of the rights
of a citizen of the United States, viz:

To come to the seat of the Government to assert any claim he
may have upon the Government, to transact any business he
may have with it; to seek its protection; to share its
offices; to engage in administering its functions. He has
the right of free access to its seaports through which all
operations of foreign commerce are conducted, to the
sub-treasuries, land offices, and courts of justice in the
several States.

Another privilege of a citizen of the United States, says Miller,
Justice, in the "Slaughter-house" cases, is to demand the care
and protection of the Federal Government over his life, liberty,
and property when on the high seas or within the jurisdiction of
a foreign government. The right to assemble and petition for a
redress of grievances, the privilege of the writ of _habeas
corpus_, he says, are rights of the citizen guaranteed by the
Federal Constitution.

The right of voting, or the privilege of voting, is a right or
privilege arising under the Constitution of the State, and not of
the United States. The qualifications are different in the
different States. Citizenship, age, sex, residence, are variously
required in the different States, or may be so. If the right
belongs to any particular person, it is because such person is