first
time in the _Yuen Shi_, but it is first mentioned in Chinese history in
the 1st century of our Era under the name of _I-wu-lu_ or _I-wu_
(_Bretschneider, Med. Res._ II. p. 20); after the death of Chinghiz, it
belonged to his son Chagatai. From the Great Wall, at the Pass of Kia Yue,
to Hami there is a distance of 1470 _li_. (_C. Imbault-Huart. Le Pays de
Hami ou Khamil_ ... d'apres les auteurs chinois, _Bul. de Geog. hist. et
desc._, Paris, 1892, pp. 121-195.) The Chinese general Chang Yao was in
1877 at Hami, which had submitted in 1867 to the Athalik Ghazi, and made
it the basis of his operations against the small towns of Chightam and
Pidjam, and Yakub Khan himself stationed at Turfan. The Imperial Chinese
Agent in this region bears the title of _K'u lun Pan She Ta Ch'en_ and
resides at K'urun (Urga); of lesser rank are the agents (_Pan She Ta
Ch'en_) of Kashgar, Kharashar, Kuche, Aksu, Khotan, and Hami. (See a
description of Hami by Colonel M. S. Bell, _Proc. R. G. S._ XII. 1890, p.
213.)--H. C.]

NOTE 2.--Expressed almost in the same words is the character attributed by
a Chinese writer to the people of Kuche in the same region. (_Chin.
Repos._ IX. 126.) In fact, the character seems to be generally applicable
to the people of East Turkestan, but sorely kept down by the rigid Islam
that is now enforced. (See _Shaw, passim_, and especially the
Mahrambashi's lamentations over the jolly days that were no more, pp. 319,
376.)

NOTE 3.--Pauthier's text has "_sont si_ honni _de leur moliers comme vous
avez ouy_." Here the Crusca has "_sono_ bozzi _delle loro moglie_," and
the Lat. Geog. "_sunt_ bezzi _de suis uxoribus_." The Crusca Vocab. has
inserted _bozzo_ with the meaning we have given, on the strength of this
passage. It occurs also in Dante (_Paradiso_, XIX. 137), in the general
sense of _disgraced_.

The shameful custom here spoken of is ascribed by Polo also to a province
of Eastern Tibet, and by popular report in modern times to the Hazaras of
the Hindu-Kush, a people of Mongolian blood, as well as to certain nomad
tribes of Persia, to say nothing of the like accusation against our own
ancestors which has been drawn from Laonicus Chalcondylas. The old Arab
traveller Ibn Muhalhal (10th century) also relates the same of the Hazlakh
(probably _Kharlikh_) Turks: "Ducis alicujus uxor vel filia vel soror,
quum mercatorum agmen in terram venit, eos adit, eorumque lustrat faciem.
Quorum siquis earum afficit admi