reas only
expounded more formally what Aristotle had said.]

[Footnote 4: [Greek: Metaxu antiphaseos endechetai einai outhen,
all' ananke e phanai e apophanai en kath henos hotioun.]
_Metaph._ iii. 7, 1011_b_, 23-4.]

[Footnote 5: Prof. Caird's _Hegel_, p. 138.]

[Footnote 6: See Venn, _Empirical Logic_, 1-8.]

[Footnote 7: _E.g._, Hamilton, lect. v.; Veitch's _Institutes
of Logic_, chaps, xii., xiii.]

[Footnote 8: The confusion probably arises in this way. First,
these "laws" are formulated as laws of thought that Logic
assumes. Second, a notion arises that these laws are the
only postulates of Logic: that all logical doctrines can be
"evolved" from them. Third, when it is felt that more than the
identical reference of words or the identity of a thing
with itself must be assumed in Logic, the Law of Identity is
extended to cover this further assumption.]

[Footnote 9: _E.g._, Bosanquet's _Logic_, ii. 207.]

[Footnote 10: Bradley, _Principles of Logic_; Bosanquet,
_Logic or The Morphology of Knowledge_; Caird, _Hegel_ (in
Blackwood's Philosophical Classics); Wallace, _The Logic of
Hegel_.]

BOOK I.

THE LOGIC OF CONSISTENCY. SYLLOGISM AND DEFINITION.

PART I.

THE ELEMENTS OF PROPOSITIONS.

CHAPTER I.

GENERAL NAMES AND ALLIED DISTINCTIONS.

To discipline us against the errors we are liable to in receiving
knowledge through the medium of words--such is one of the objects of
Logic, the main object of what may be called the Logic of Consistency.

Strictly speaking, we may receive knowledge about things through signs
or single words, as a nod, a wink, a cry, a call, a command. But an
assertory sentence, proposition, or predication, is the unit with
which Logic concerns itself--a sentence in which a subject is
named and something is said or predicated about it. Let a man once
understand the errors incident to this regular mode of communication,
and he may safely be left to protect himself against the errors
incident to more rudimentary modes.

A proposition, whether long or short, is a unit, but it is an
analysable unit. And the key to syllogistic analysis is the General
Name. Every proposition, every sentence in which we convey knowledge
to another, contains a general name or its equivalent. That is to say,
every proposition may be resolved into a form in which the predicate
is a general name. A knowled