. The ambiguity of the term Denotation helps the
confusion in the case of Singular names. "Denote" in common
speech means to indicate, to distinguish. But when in Logic
we say that a general name denotes individuals, we have no
thought of indicating or distinguishing: we mean only that
it is applicable to any one, without respect of individuals,
either in predication or epithetic description.]

[Footnote 4: Strictly speaking, as I have tried to indicate
all along, the words Connotation and Denotation, or Extension
and Intension, apply only to general names. Outside general
names, they have no significance. An adjective with its noun
is a general name, of which the adjective gives part of the
Connotation. If we apply the word connotation to signify
merely the suggestion of an attribute in whatever grammatical
connexion, then an abstract name is undoubtedly as much
connotative as an adjective. The word _Sweetness_ has the same
meaning as _Sweet_: it indicates or signifies, conveys to the
mind of the reader the same attribute: the only difference is
that it does not at the same time indicate a subject in which
the attribute is found, as _sweet apple_. The meaning is not
_con_noted.]

CHAPTER II.

THE SYLLOGISTIC ANALYSIS OF PROPOSITIONS INTO TERMS.

I.--THE BARE ANALYTIC FORMS.

The word "term" is loosely used as a mere synonym for a name: strictly
speaking, a term ([Greek: horos], a boundary) is one of the parts of
a proposition as analysed into Subject and Predicate. In Logic, a term
is a technical word in an analysis made for a special purpose, that
purpose being to test the mutual consistency of propositions.

For this purpose, the propositions of common speech may be viewed as
consisting of two TERMS, a linkword called the copula (positive or
negative) expressing a relation between them, and certain symbols of
quantity used to express that relation more precisely.

Let us indicate the Subject term by S, and the Predicate term by P.

All propositions may be analysed into one or other of four forms:--

All S is P,
No S is P,
Some S is P,
Some S is not P.

All S is P is called the UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE, and is indicated by
the symbol A (the first vowel of Affirmo).

No S is P is called the UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE, symbol E (the first vowel
of Nego).

Some S is P is called the PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE, symbol I (the