t names of genera and species
signify Quality, in showing what sort a thing is. Occam
carried this a step farther towards clear light by including
among Connotative Terms such general names as "monk," name of
classes that at once suggest a definite attribute. The third
step was made by Mill in extending the term Connotation to
such words as "man," "horse," the _Infimae Species_ of the
Schoolmen, the Species of modern science.

Whether connotation was the best term to use for this purpose,
rather than extension, may be questioned: but at least it was
in the line of tradition through Occam.]

[Footnote 2: The history of the definition of the _Proprium_
is an example of the tendency of distinctions to become more
minute and at the same time more purposeless. Aristotle's
[Greek: idion] was an attribute, such as the laugh of the man
or the bark of the dog, common to all of a class and peculiar
to the class (_quod convenit omni soli et semper_) yet not
comprised in the definition of the class. Porphyry recognised
three varieties of [Greek: idia] besides this, four in all,
as follows:--(1) an attribute peculiar to a species but not
possessed by all, as knowledge of medicine or geometry; (2)
possessed by a whole species but not peculiar to it, as being
a biped in man; (3) peculiar to a species, and possessed
by all at a certain time, as turning grey in old age; (4)
Aristotle's "proprium," peculiar and possessed by all, as
risibility. The idea of the Proprium as deducible from or
consequent on the essence would seem to have originated in
the desire to find something common to all Poryphyry's four
varieties.]

[Footnote 3: It is a plausible contention that in the case
of the Singular name the extension is at a minimum and the
intension at a maximum, the extension being one individual,
and the intension the totality of his attributes. But this is
an inexact and confused use of words. A name does not _extend_
beyond the individual except when it is used to signify one
or more of his prominent qualities, that is, is used with the
function of a general name. The _ex_tension of a Singular name
is zero: it has no extension. On the other hand, it suggests,
in its function as a Singular name, no properties or
qualities; it suggests only a subject; _i.e._, it has no
intension