they get big and old enough to go without it. I believe
windbreaks are essential in this country; mine is composed of three rows
around the orchard, of box-elder and cottonwood. I wrap my trees while
small to protect from the rabbits. Wash with lye for borers. While small
I prune out the middle of the tree with knife and saw, but let the lower
limbs grow to protect the trunk. I believe stable litter beneficial in
an orchard, and use plenty of it. I do not believe in pasturing an
orchard. I never spray. I always sell my fruit in the orchard; some
wagons come forty miles for it, and pay me from fifty to seventy-five
cents per bushel.

* * * * *

B. LEONHART, Kiowa, Barber county: Have lived in Kansas thirteen years.
Have 300 apple trees, planted from nine to ten years. Am uncertain as to
best varieties. Plant in low ground or a "draw"; advise any loose soil,
but no clay subsoil (?); like east or northern slope. Plant fresh
one-year-old trees, in "deep subsoil trenched." Have planted root grafts
eighteen inches long, where they are now growing, and are the pride of
my orchard. Hot sun and wind make the fruit woody and sapless. Plant no
crop in orchard, but plow yearly and harrow all summer. Believe in
windbreaks made of locust or anything that will grow, planted in deep
subsoiled furrows on south and west of orchard. For rabbits I use, in
summer, lime, grass, and cow-dung, mixed. In winter I use clay with dead
rabbit pounded into it. Prune to keep limbs from rubbing, and shorten in
for bearing; not sure that either pays. Plant permanent orchard, and
fill between with early-bearing varieties like Missouri Pippin,
Jonathan, etc. [presumably to cut out afterward]. Use no fertilizers.
Never let stock run in orchard. Encourage the birds, and spray some
years with London purple and Bordeaux mixture before and after leafing
out. Think I have reduced codling-moth. Thrifty trees never contain
borers.

* * * * *

J. L. LIGGITT, Belpre, Edwards county: Has resided in Kansas thirty
years; has a family orchard of 125 trees, planted from three to thirteen
years, and advises Early Harvest, Maiden's Blush, and Jefferis. For
commerce he recommends Ben Davis and Missouri Pippin. Prefers valley
land sloping east or west, with sandy soil and clay subsoil. Plants
sixteen feet east and west, and thirty-two feet north and south, after a
lister. Plants to corn and beans for fifteen