t that beginners in composition
may with advantage adhere to the rule. The following are some of the
cases where _who_ and _which_ are mostly used, contrary to the rule,
instead of _that_.

*Exceptions:*--

(_a_) When the antecedent is defined, _e.g._ by a possessive case,
modern English uses _who_ instead of _that_. It is rare, though it
would be useful,[7] to say "His English friends _that_ had not seen
him" for "the English friends, or those of his English friends, that
had not seen him."

(_b_) _That_ sounds ill when separated from its verb and from its
antecedents, and emphasized by isolation: "There are many persons
_that_, though unscrupulous, are commonly good-tempered, and _that_,
if not strongly incited by self-interest, are ready for the most part
to think of the interest of their neighbours." Shakespeare frequently
uses _who_ after _that_ when the relative is repeated. See
"Shakespearian Grammar," par. 260.

(_c_) If the antecedent is qualified by _that_, the relative must not
be _that_. Besides other considerations, the repetition is
disagreeable. Addison ridicules such language as "_That_ remark _that_
I made yesterday is not _that_ _that_ I said _that_ I regretted _that_
I had made."

(_d_) _That_ cannot be preceded by a preposition, and hence throws the
preposition to the end. "This is the rule _that_ I adhere _to_." This
is perfectly good English, though sometimes unnecessarily avoided.
But, with some prepositions, the construction is harsh and
objectionable, _e.g._ "This is the mark _that_ I jumped _beyond_,"
"Such were the prejudices _that_ he rose _above_." The reason is that
some of these disyllabic prepositions are used as adverbs, and, when
separated from their nouns, give one the impression that they are used
as adverbs.

(_e_) After pronominal adjectives used for personal pronouns, modern
English prefers _who_. "There are many, others, several, those, _who_
can testify &c."

(_f_) After _that_ used as a conjunction there is sometimes a dislike
to use _that_ as a relative. See (_c_).

*9. Do not use redundant "and" before "which."[8]*

"I gave him a very interesting book for a present, _and which_ cost me
five shillings."

In short sentences the absurdity is evident, but in long sentences it
is less evident, and very common.

"A petition was presented for rescinding that portion of the bye-laws
which permits application of public money to support sectarian
schools over which ra