njunctions, e.g. "either," "not only," "on the one
hand," add clearness.*--Take the following sentence:--"You must take
this extremely perilous course, in which success is uncertain, and
failure disgraceful, as well as ruinous, or else the liberty of your
country is endangered." Here, the meaning is liable to be
misunderstood, till the reader has gone half through the sentence.
Write "_Either_ you must," &c., and the reader is, from the first,
prepared for an alternative. Other suspensive conjunctions or phrases
are _partly_, _for our part_; _in the first place_; _it is true_;
_doubtless_; _of course_; _though_; _on the one hand_.

*35. Repeat the Subject when the omission would cause ambiguity or
obscurity.*--The omission is particularly likely to cause obscurity
after a Relative standing as Subject:--

"He professes to be helping the nation, which in reality is suffering
from his flattery, and (he? or it?) will not permit anyone else to
give it advice."

The Relative should be repeated when it is the Subject of several
Verbs. "All the pleasing illusions _which_ made power gentle and
obedience liberal, _which_ harmonized the different shades of life,
and _which_, by a bland assimilation, incorporated into politics the
sentiments that beautify and soften private society, are to be
dissolved by this new conquering empire of light and reason."

*36. Repeat a Preposition after an intervening Conjunction, especially
if a Verb and an Object also intervene.*

"He forgets the gratitude that he owes to those that helped all his
companions when he was poor and uninfluential, and (_to_) John Smith
in particular." Here, omit _to_, and the meaning may be "that helped
all his companions, and John Smith in particular." The intervention of
the verb and object, "helped" and "companions," causes this ambiguity.

*37. When there are several Verbs at some distance from a Conjunction
on which they depend, repeat the Conjunction.*[14]

"When we look back upon the havoc that two hundred years have made in
the ranks of our national authors--and, above all, (_when_) we refer
their rapid disappearance to the quick succession of new
competitors--we cannot help being dismayed at the prospect that lies
before the writers of the present day."

Here omit "when," and we at once substitute a parenthetical statement
for what is really a subordinate clause.

In reporting a speech or opinion, "that" must be continually repeated,
to avoid