Alison.

*48. Participles can often be used as brief (though sometimes
ambiguous) equivalents of phrases containing Conjunctions and Verbs.*

"Hearing (when he heard) this, he advanced." See (7) for more
instances. So "phrases _containing_ conjunctions" means "phrases _that
contain_ conjunctions." "_This done_, (for, _when this was done_) he
retired."

Sometimes the participle "being" is omitted. "France at our doors, he
sees no danger nigh," for "France being" or "though France is."

*49. Participles and participial adjectives may be used like
Adjectives, as equivalents for phrases containing the Relative.*

"The never-_ceasing_ wind," "the _clamouring_ ocean," "the _drenching_
rain," are instances. The licence of inventing participial adjectives
by adding _-ing_ to a noun, is almost restricted to poetry. You could
not write "the _crannying_ wind" in prose.

*50. A statement may sometimes be briefly implied instead of being
expressed at length.* Thus, instead of "The spirit of Christianity was
humanizing, and therefore &c.," or "Christianity, since it was (or
being) of a humanizing spirit, discouraged &c.," we can write more
briefly and effectively, "Gladiatorial shows were first discouraged,
and finally put down, by the _humanizing spirit of Christianity_." So
instead of "The nature of youth is thoughtless and sanguine, and
therefore &c.," we can write, "The danger of the voyage was
depreciated and the beauty of the island exaggerated by _the
thoughtless nature of youth_."

Sometimes a mere name or epithet implies a statement. "It was in vain
that he offered the Swiss terms: war was deliberately preferred by the
_hardy mountaineers_," _i.e._ "by the Swiss, _because they were
mountaineers and hardy_." "The deed was applauded by all honest men,
but the Government affected to treat it as murder, and set a price
upon the head of (him whom they called) the _assassin." "The conqueror
of Austerlitz_ might be expected to hold different language from _the
prisoner of St. Helena_," _i.e._ "Napoleon when elated by the victory
of Austerlitz," and "Napoleon when depressed by his imprisonment at
St. Helena."

CAUTION.--Different names must not be used for the same person unless
each of them derives an appropriateness from its context. Thus, if we
are writing about Charles II., it would be in very bad taste to avoid
repeating "he" by using such periphrases as the following: "The third
of the Stewarts hated business,