e: TRL

Exchange rates: Turkish liras per US dollar - 1,223,140 (January 2002),
1,223,140 (2001), 625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865
(1997)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Communications Turkey

Telephones - main lines in use: 19.5 million (1999)

Telephones - mobile cellular: 17.1 million (2001)

Telephone system: general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization
and expansion, especially with cellular telephones domestic: additional
digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the
construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk
lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay
is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are
reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to
mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly international:
international service is provided by three submarine fiber-optic cables
in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece,
Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; also by 12 Intelsat earth stations,
and by 328 mobile satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems
(2002)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)

Radios: 11.3 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations: 635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions: 20.9 million (1997)

Internet country code: .tr

Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 50 (2001)

Internet users: 4 million (2001)

Transportation Turkey

Railways: total: 8,607 km standard gauge: 8,607 km 1.435-m gauge (2,131
km electrified) (2001)

Highways: total: 382,059 km paved: 106,976 km (including 1,726 km of
expressways) unpaved: 275,083 km (1999 est.)

Waterways: 1,200 km (approximately)

Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km; natural
gas 708 km

Ports and harbors: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli
(Izmit), Icel (Mersin), Samsun, Trabzon

Merchant marine: total: 553 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,674,099
GRT/9,108,819 DWT ships by type: bulk 138, cargo 239, chemical tanker 45,
combination bulk 5, combination ore/oil 2, container 27, liquefied gas 6,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 45, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll
off 27, short-sea passenger 10, specialized tanker 5 note: includes some
foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Belize 1,
Cyprus 1, Denmark 2, Greece 1, Italy 1,