ward the solution of that problem. The experiment was crude,
but it has borne fruit in modern schools and their methods, in better
school buildings and apparatus, in trained teachers, in milder forms of
discipline, in the improved study of nature, and in a broader and more
philanthropic view of man's duty to his fellow-man.

=Jacotot (1770-1840).=--Perhaps the most famous of the French educators
and writers of this period was Jacotot, for a time professor of
languages and mathematics at Paris, and later professor of the French
language and literature at Loewen. His principal educational work is
entitled "Universal Instruction." Jacotot is best known for his
paradoxes, two of the most famous of which are, "Everything is in
Everything," and "All men have equal intelligence." But his method
rather than his paradoxical statements has proved his greatest
contribution to educational progress. His method consisted in the
selection of fundamental examples or types, having the pupils commit
them to memory, repeating this work daily, amplifying it, deriving the
rules or principles in relation to it, until the mastery in all
directions is complete. Thus in studying Latin a page of Caesar might be
taken and drilled upon until the style, rules of grammar, and meaning of
the passage are mastered; in mathematics the fundamental rules,--the
Pythagorean theorem must be repeated daily; in geography begin with a
map and master all its details. Gain a complete understanding of one
subject before taking up another. His method attracted much attention.

FOOTNOTES:

[128] Special References, Williams, "History of Modern Education";
Quick, "Educational Reformers," pp. 144, 288; Lang, "Basedow" (Teachers'
Manuals, No. 16).

[129] Lang, "Basedow," p. 6.

[130] "Educational Reformers," p. 150.

[131] "Educational Reformers," p. 151.

[132] Kant, "Ueber Paedagogik."

CHAPTER XXXVIII

MODERN EDUCATORS (_Continued_)

PESTALOZZI (1746-1827)

=Literature.=--_De Guimps_, Pestalozzi, his Life and Works; _Kruesi_,
Life, Work, and Influence of Pestalozzi; _Quick_, Educational Reformers;
_Von Raumer_, Life and System of Pestalozzi; _Durrell_, New Life in
Education; _Gill_, Systems of Education; _Skinner_, The Schoolmaster in
Literature; _Barnard_, Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism; _Vogel_,
Geschichte des deutschen Volksschulwesens; _Rein_, Encyklopaedisches
Handbuch der Paedagogik.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was born in Zurich, Switz