on of a resident. Maifoni and Kuka were
selected for British stations in the east, and Damjiri and Gujba in the
west. Garrisons are quartered at these points. The province has been
mapped, and a network of tracks available for wheeled transport has been
made through it. Water communication with the Benue and Niger has been
opened through the Gongola river. The _shehu_, who took the oath of
allegiance to the British crown on the occasion of his formal
installation in November 1904, is maintained in all local dignity as a
native chief, and co-operates loyally with the British administration.
Peace has prevailed in Bornu since the British occupation, and it is
estimated that the population has increased by immigration to about 50%
more than it was in 1902. The people are industrious. Extensive areas
are being brought under cultivation, and taxes are collected without
difficulty. Owing to its increasing commercial importance, the native
capital was in 1908 transferred to Maidugari (see also NIGERIA:
_History;_ and RABAH).

AUTHORITIES.--Heinrich Barth's _Travels in North and Central Africa_
(1857, new ed., London, 1890) contains an exact picture of the state
in the period (c. 1850) preceding its decay. The earlier _Travels_ of
Denham and Clapperton (London, 1828) may also be consulted, as well as
Rohlfs, _Land und Volk in Afrika_ (Bremen, 1870); Nachtigal, _Sahara
und Sudan_, vol. i. (Berlin, 1879); and Monteil, _de St.-Louis a
Tripoli par le lac Tchad_ (Paris, 1895). For later information consult
Lady Lugard's _A Tropical Dependency_ (London, 1905), and the _Annual
Reports_, from 1900 onward, on Northern Nigeria, issued by the
Colonial Office, London. (F. L. L.)

BORODIN, ALEXANDER PORFYRIEVICH (1834-1887), Russian musical composer,
natural son of a Russian prince, was born in St Petersburg on the 12th
of November 1834. He was brought up to the medical profession, and in
1862 was appointed assistant professor of chemistry at the St Petersburg
academy of medicine. He wrote several works on chemistry, and took a
leading part in advocating women's education, helping to found the
school of medicine for women, and lecturing there from 1872 till his
death. But he is best known as a musician. His interest in music was
indeed stimulated from 1862 onwards by his friendship with Balakirev,
and from 1863 by his marriage with a lady who was an accomplished
pianist; but in his earlier years he had been pr