THE METAPHYSICAL DEDUCTION OF THE CATEGORIES 140

CHAPTER VIII
THE TRANSCENDENTAL DEDUCTION OF THE CATEGORIES 161

CHAPTER IX
GENERAL CRITICISM OF THE TRANSCENDENTAL DEDUCTION OF THE
CATEGORIES 214

CHAPTER X
THE SCHEMATISM OF THE CATEGORIES 246

CHAPTER XI
THE MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES 260

CHAPTER XII
THE ANALOGIES OF EXPERIENCE 268

CHAPTER XIII
THE POSTULATES OF EMPIRICAL THOUGHT 308

NOTE
THE REFUTATION OF IDEALISM 319

REFERENCES

A = First edition of the _Critique of Pure Reason_.
B = Second edition of the _Critique of Pure Reason_.
Prol. = Kant's _Prolegomena to any future Metaphysic_.
M = Meiklejohn's Translation of the _Critique of Pure Reason_.
Mah. = Mahaffy. Translation of Kant's _Prolegomena to any future
Metaphysic_. (The pages referred to are those of the first
edition; these are also to be found in the text of the
second edition.)
Caird = Caird's _Critical Philosophy of Kant_.

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM OF THE _CRITIQUE_

The problem of the _Critique_ may be stated in outline and
approximately in Kant's own words as follows.

Human reason is called upon to consider certain questions, which it
cannot decline, as they are presented by its own nature, but which it
cannot answer. These questions relate to God, freedom of the will, and
immortality. And the name for the subject which has to deal with these
questions is metaphysics. At one time metaphysics was regarded as the
queen of all the sciences, and the importance of its aim justified the
title. At first the subject, propounding as it did a dogmatic system,
exercised a despotic sway. But its subsequent failure brought it into
disrepute. It has constantly been compelled to retrace its steps;
there has been fundamental disagreement among philosophers, and no
philosopher has successfully refuted his critics. Consequently the
current attitude to the subject is one of weariness and indifference.
Yet humanity cannot really be indifferent to such problems; even those
who profess indifference inevitably make metaphysical assertions; and
the current attitude is a sign not of levity but of a refusal to