s instruments of slavery. {1a} The homage of the subjugated
provinces seems to have consisted principally in the payment of a tribute
of money, and the furnishing of soldiers for foreign service.

Such, no doubt, was the position of Cunedda Wledig, who "began to reign
about A.D. 328, and died in 389"; {1b} and who, according to the Historia
Britonum attributed to Nennius, "venerat de parte sinistrali, id est, de
regione quae vocatur Manau Guotodin," {1c} the heights of Gododin, and
the same apparently with the territory of the Ottadeni.

In the Myvyrian Archaiology, v. 1, p. 71, is printed an Elegy on Cunedda,
the work of one who had actually partaken of his royal munificence, who
had received from him "milch cows, horses, wine, oil, and a host of
slaves." The writer with respect to the martial prowess of his patron,
observes,

"Trembling with fear of Cunedda,
Will be Caer Weir and Caer Liwelydd."

And again,

"A hundred times ere his shield was shattered in battle,
Bryneich obeyed his commands in the conflict."

The modern names of the localities, mentioned in these extracts, are
respectively Warwick, Carlisle {2a} and Bernicia. The two latter are in
the immediate vicinity of the Ottadeni; the former, being further
removed, would indicate the direction and extent of his arms.

From other sources we learn that Cunedda was the son of Edeyrn ab Padarn
Peisrudd, by Gwawl, daughter of Coel Godebog, and that he was entitled,
in right of his mother, to certain territories in Wales. When these were
invaded by the Gwyddyl, his sons, twelve in number, left their northern
home for the purpose of recovering the same, in which they were
successful, though the enemy was not finally extirpated until the battle
at Cerrig y Gwyddyl, in the succeeding generation. It is asserted by
some that Cunedda accompanied his sons in this expedition, and that it
was undertaken as much through inability to retain possession of their
more immediate dominions, as from the desire of acquiring or regaining
other lands. However, though the sons settled in Wales and on its
borders, it is more accordant with the drift of the Poem, already cited,
to suppose that Cunedda himself died in the North. Nevertheless, it is
undoubted that the native chieftains began to suffer in that part of the
island from barbarian incursions even before the departure of the Romans.
Thus Ammianus Marcellinus, with reference to the year 364, bears
te