or Barcelona. He sat in all subsequent
parliaments, and just a month before his death he was elected as
representative of Murcia. During that period he became even more
estranged from the majority of the republicans. Bitter experience had
shown him that their federal doctrines and revolutionary methods could
lead to nothing in harmony with the aspirations of the majority of
Spaniards. He elected, to use his own words, to defend and to seek the
realization of the substance of the programme of the Spanish revolution
of 1868 by evolution, and legal, pacific means. Hence the contrast
between his attitude from 1876 to 1886, during the reign of Alphonso
XII., when he stood in the front rank of the Opposition to defend the
reforms of that revolution against Senor Canovas, and his attitude from
1886 to 1891. In this latter period Castelar acted as a sort of
independent auxiliary of Sagasta and of the Liberal party. As soon as
Castelar saw universal suffrage re-established he solemnly declared in
the Cortes that his task was accomplished, his political mission at an
end, and that he proposed to devote the remainder of his life to those
literary, historical, philosophical, and economic studies which he had
never neglected even in the busiest days of his political career.
Indeed, it was his extraordinary activity and power of assimilation in
such directions that allowed him to keep his fellow-countrymen so well
informed of what was going on in the outer world. His literary and
journalistic labours occupied much of his time, and were his chief means
of subsistence. He left unfinished a history of Europe in the 19th
century. The most conspicuous of his earlier works were:--_A History of
Civilization in the First Five Centuries of Christianity_,
_Recollections of Italy_, _Life of Lord Byron_, _The History of the
Republican Movement in Europe_, _The Redemption of Slaves_, _The
Religious Revolution_, _Historical Essays on the Middle Ages_, _The
Eastern Question_, _Fra Filippo Lippi_, _History of the Discovery of
America_, and some historical novels. Castelar died near Murcia on the
25th of May 1899, at the age of 66. His funeral at Madrid was an
imposing demonstration of the sympathy and respect of all classes and
parties. (A. E. H.)

CASTELFRANCO NELL' EMILIA, a town of Emilia, Italy, in the province of
Bologna, 16 m. N.W. by rail from the town of Bologna. Pop. (1901) 3163
(town), 13,484 (commune). The churches contain some