Elizabetta Gonzaga, Pietro Bembo, Bernardo Bibbiena,
Giuliano de' Medici, Emilia Pia, and Ceretino the Unique among the
speakers--the question, What constitutes a perfect courtier? is debated.
With but few differences, the type determined on is the ideal gentleman
of the present day.

See P.L. Ginguene, _Histoire litteraire de l'Italie_, vi., vii.; J.A.
Symonds, _The Renaissance in Italy_ (London, 1875); C. Hare, _Courts
and Camps of the Italian Renaissance_ (1908); Julia Cartwright, _B.
Castiglione, the Perfect Courtier_ (1908), with good bibliography.

CASTIGLIONE, CARLO OTTAVIO, COUNT (1784-1849), Italian philologist, was
born at Milan of an ancient family. His principal work was done in
connexion with the Arabic and other Oriental languages, but he also
performed good service in several other departments. In 1819 he
published _Monete cufiche del Museo di Milano_, and assisted Cardinal
Mai in his _Ulphilae partium ineditarum in Ambrosianis palimpsestis
repertarum editio_. A learned _Memoire geographique et numismatique sur
la partie orientale de la Barbarie appelee Afrikia par les Arabes_
appeared in 1826, and established his reputation. In 1829 he published
by himself the Gothic version of the second epistle of Paul to the
Corinthians; and this was followed by the Gothic version of the epistle
to the Romans, the first epistle to the Corinthians, and the epistle to
the Ephesians in 1834, by Galatians, Philippians, and 1 Thessalonians in
1835, and by 2 Thessalonians in 1839. He died at Genoa on the 10th of
April 1849.

His _Life_, by Biondelli, appeared at Milan in 1856.

CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENEDETTO (1616-1670), called in Italy Il
Grechetto, and in France Le Benedette, Italian painter of the Genoese
school, was born in Genoa, and studied for some time under Vandyck. He
painted portraits, historical pieces and landscapes, but chiefly
excelled in fairs, markets and rural scenes with animals. Noah and the
animals entering the Ark was a favourite subject of his. His paintings
are to be found in Rome, Venice, Naples, Florence, and more especially
Genoa and Mantua. He also executed a number of etchings, which are
spirited, free and full of taste; "Diogenes searching for a Man" is one
of the principal of these. The etchings are remarkable for light and
shade, and have even earned for Castiglione the name of "a second
Rembrandt." The _Presepio_ (Nativity of Jesus) in the church of San
Luca, Genoa