acts, and the one-chambered ovary contains two ovules. In
the fruit the bracteoles form two woody valves between which is a nut;
the aggregate of fruits resemble small cones. Pollen is transferred by
the wind to the long styles. The pollen-tube does not penetrate the
ovule through the micropyle but enters at the opposite end--the chalaza.
This anomaly was discovered by Dr M. Treub (see _Annal. Jardin Botan.
Buitenzorg_, x. 1891), and is associated with a peculiar development of
the ovule, and an increased number and peculiar form of the embryo-sacs
(nacrospores). Treub proposed to separate _Casuarina_ as a distinct
group of Angiosperms, and suggested the following arrangement:--

/ \ Dicotyledons.
Angiospermae < Porogamae / Monocotyledons.
\ Chalazogamae (_Casuarina_).

The names of the two subdivisions recall the manner of entrance of the
pollen-tube. More recent investigations, chiefly by Nawaschin and Miss
Benson, on members of the orders Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglans and
Ulmus, showed a recurrence in a greater or less degree of the various
anomalies previously observed in _Casuarina_, and suggest that the
affinity of _Casuarina_ is with these orders of Dicotyledons.

The wood is very hard, and several species are valuable timber trees.
From a fancied resemblance of the wood to that of the oak these trees
are known as "oaks," and the same species has different names in
different parts such as "she-oak," "swamp-oak," "shingle-oak,"
"river-oak," "iron-wood," "beef-wood," &c.

See J.H. Maiden, _Useful Native Plants of Australia_ (London and
Sydney, 1889).

CASUISTRY (from the Lat. _casus_, a point of law), the art of bringing
general moral principles to bear on particular actions. It is, in short,
applied morality; anybody is a casuist who reflects about his duties and
tries to bring them into line with some intelligible moral standard. But
morality at different times has worn very different dresses. It has
sometimes been thought of as an outward law, sometimes as an inward
disposition; and each of these rival conceptions has developed a
casuistical method of its own. Believers in law have put their trust in
authority or logic; while believers in disposition chiefly look to our
instinctive faculties--conscience, common-sense or sentiment. The legal
is the older group, and to it the name of casuist is often exclusively
reserved, generally with the implication that