d his party,
Castruccio regained his freedom and his position, and the Ghibelline
triumph was presently assured. Elected lord of Lucca in 1316, he warred
incessantly against the Florentines, and was at first the faithful
adviser and stanch supporter of Frederick of Austria, who made him
imperial vicar of Lucca in 1320. After the battle of Muhlbach he went
over to the emperor Louis the Bavarian, whom he served for many years.
In 1325 he defeated the Florentines at Altopascio, and was appointed by
the emperor duke of Lucca, Pistoja, Volterra and Luni, and two years
later he captured Pisa, of which he was made imperial vicar. But,
subsequently, his relations with Louis seem to have grown less friendly
and he was afterwards excommunicated by the papal legate in the
interests of the Guelphs. At his death in 1328 the fortunes of his young
children were wrecked in the Guelphic triumph.

Niccolo Machiavelli's _Life of Castruccio_ is a mere romance; it was
translated into French, with notes, by Dreux de Radier in 1753. See
Niccolo Negrini, _Vita di Castruccio_ (Modena, 1496); Winkler's
_Castruccio, Herzog von Lucca_ (Berlin, 1897); also Gino Capponi's
_Storia di Firenze_, and G. Sforza, _Castruccio Castracani degli
Antelminelli in Lunigiana_ (Modena, 1891); S. de Sismondi, _Histoire
des republiques italiennes_ (Brussels, 1838).

CASTRUM MINERVAE (mod. _Castro_), an ancient town of the Sallentini in
Calabria, 10 m. south of Hydruntum, with an ancient temple of Minerva,
said to have been founded by Idomeneus, who formed the tribe of the
Sallentini from a mixture of Cretans, Illyrians and Italian Locrians. It
is also said to have been the place where Aeneas first landed in Italy,
the port of which he named _Portus Veneris._ The temple had lost some of
its importance in Strabo's day.

CASUARINA, a genus of trees containing about 30 species, chiefly
Australian, but a few Indo-Malayan. The long whip-like green branches
are longitudinally grooved, and bear at the nodes whorls of small
scale-leaves, the shoots resembling those of _Equisetum_ (horse-tail).
The flowers are unisexual; the staminate are borne in spikes, each
flower consisting of a central stamen which is surrounded by two
scale-like perianth-leaves. The pistillate are borne in dense spherical
heads; each flower stands in the axil of a bract and consists of two
united carpels flanked by a pair of bracteoles; the long styles hang out
beyond the br