and troops and
to control the public moneys. In the next year ratification was given in
advance to all his future arrangements, and magistrates entering upon
office were required to swear to uphold his acts. The concentration of
these powers in his person placed Caesar above the law, and reduced the
holders of public offices to the position of his servants. Honors to match
his extraordinary powers were heaped upon Caesar, partly by his own
desire, partly by the servility and fulsome flattery of the Senate. He was
granted a seat with the consuls in the Senate, if he should not be consul
himself; he received the title of parent or father of his country
(_parens_ or _pater patriae_); his statue was placed among those of the
kings of Rome, his image in the temple of Quirinus; the month Quinctilis,
in which he was born, was renamed Julius (July) in his honor; a new
college of priests, the Julian Luperci, was created; a temple was erected
to himself and the Goddess Clementia, and a priest (flamen) appointed for
his worship there; and he was authorized to build a house on the Palatine
with a pediment like a temple. Most of these honors he received after his
victory over the Pompeians in Spain in 45 B. C. However, the title
_imperator_ (Emperor), which was regularly the prerogative of a general
who was entitled to a triumph and was surrendered along with his military
_imperium_, was employed by Caesar continuously from 49 until after the
battle of Thapsus in 46, when he celebrated his triumph over the Gauls and
his other non-Roman enemies. He assumed it again after Munda in the
following year.

*Caesar's aim--monarchy.* Taking into account the powers which Caesar
wielded and his lifelong tenure of certain offices there can be no doubt
that he not only had established monarchical government in Rome but also
aimed to make his monarchy permanent. And this gives the explanation why
he accepted honors which were more suited to a god than to a man, for
since the time of Alexander the Great deification had been accepted in the
Greek East as the legal and moral basis for the exercise of absolute
power, and as distinguishing a legitimate autocracy from a tyranny. To a
polytheistic age, familiar with the idea of the deification of "heroes"
after death and permeated in its educated circles with the teaching of
Euhemerus that the gods were but men who in their sojourn upon earth had
been benefactors of the human race, the deification of a m