onians, Getae (or Dacians) and Bastarnae, peoples settled in the
middle and lower Danube valley. Marcus Licinius Crassus, Governor of
Macedonia, in 30 and 29 B. C. defeated the Getae and Bastarnae, crossed
the Balkans, carried the Roman arms to the Danube and subdued the Moesi to
the south of that river. However, it required a considerable time before
the various Thracian tribes were finally subdued and a client kingdom
under the Thracian prince Cotys was interposed between Macedonia and the
lower Danube. Meantime, the Pannonians had been conquered in a number of
hard fought campaigns which were brought to a successful conclusion by
Tiberius (12-9 B. C.) who made the Drave the Roman boundary. The
contemporaneous conquest of Pannonia and of Germany between the Rhine and
the Elbe was one of the greatest feats of Roman arms and reveals the army
of the empire at the height of its discipline and organization. In 13
B. C., during a lull in these frontier struggles, the Senate voted the
erection of an altar to the peace of Augustus (the _ara pacis Augustae_),
in grateful recognition of his maintenance of peace within the empire.

*The revolt of Illyricum and Germany.* For several years following the
death of Drusus no further conquests were attempted until 4 A. D., when
Tiberius was again appointed to command the army of the Rhine. After
assuring himself of the allegiance of the Germans by a demonstration as
far as the Elbe and by the establishment of fortified posts, he prepared
to complete the northern boundary by the conquest of the kingdom of the
Marcomanni, in modern Bohemia, between the Elbe and the Danube. In 6 A. D.
Tiberius was on the point of advancing northward from the Danube, in
cooeperation with Gaius Saturninus, who was to move eastwards from the
Rhine, when a revolt broke out in Illyricum which forced the abandonment
of the undertaking and the conclusion of peace with Marbod, the king of
the Marcomanni. The revolt, in which both Pannonians and Dalmatians
joined, was caused by the severity of the Roman exactions, especially the
levies for the army. For a moment Italy trembled in fear of an invasion;
in the raising of new legions even freedmen were called into service. But
the arrival of reinforcements from other provinces enabled Tiberius after
three years of ruthless warfare to utterly crush the desperate resistance
of the rebels (9 A. D.). The organization of Pannonia as a separate
province followed the reestabl