. To celebrate each occasion Augustus held the consulship, and
placed them at the head of the equestrian order with the title _principes
iuventutis_. They were exempted from the limitations of the _cursus
honorum_ so that each might hold the consulate in his twentieth year. In 1
A. D. Gaius was sent to the East with proconsular imperium to settle fresh
trouble in Armenia. There in the siege of a petty fortress he received a
wound from which he died in 4 A. D. Two years previously Lucius had fallen
a victim to fever while on his way to Spain. In the meantime Augustus had
experienced another blow in his discovery of the scandalous conduct of
Julia. Her guilt was the more unpardonable in view of the efforts of her
father to restore the moral tone of society. She was banished to the
island rock of Pandataria, her companions in crime were punished, the most
with banishment, one with death on a charge of treason (1 B. C.). Her
elder daughter, also called Julia, later met the same fate for a like
offence.

*Tiberius.* At the death of Gaius Caesar, Augustus turned once more to
Tiberius, who had been permitted to leave Rhodes at the intercession of
Livia. In 4 A. D. he was adopted by Augustus and received the _tribunicia
potestas_ for ten years. In 13 A. D. his tribunician power was renewed and
he was made the colleague of Augustus in the _imperium_. Tiberius himself
had been obliged to adopt his nephew Germanicus, the son of Drusus, who
married Agrippina, the younger daughter of Agrippa and Julia. Association
in authority and adoption where necessary had become the means of
designating the successor in the principate.

VIII. AUGUSTUS AS A STATESMAN

*The death of Augustus.* In 14 A. D. Augustus held a census of the Roman
citizens in the empire. They numbered 4,937,000, an increase of 826,000
since 28 B. C. In the same year he set up in Rome an inscription recording
his exploits and the sums which he had expended in the interests of the
state. A copy of this has been found inscribed on the walls of the temple
of Roma and Augustus at Ancyra, and hence is known as the Monument of
Ancyra. On 19 August, 14 A. D., Augustus died at Nola in Campania, at the
age of seventy-six.

*An estimate of his statesmanship.* Opinions have differed and probably
always will differ upon the question whether or not Augustus sought to
establish a disguised form of monarchical government. Still, in his favor
stands the fac