the levy was
extended to the ungarrisoned provinces, Baetica, Narbonese Gaul, Achaia
and Asia. The effect of Hadrian's reform is well illustrated by a
comparison of the various racial elements in the legions stationed in
Egypt under the early principate with those in the same legions in the
time of Marcus Aurelius. The lists of the veterans discharged from these
legions under Augustus or Tiberius show that fifty per cent were recruited
from Galatia, twenty-five per cent from the Greek municipalities in Egypt,
fifteen per cent from Syria and the Greek East, and the remainder from the
western provinces. A similar list from 168 A. D. shows sixty-five per cent
from Egypt, the remainder from the Greek East, and none from Galatia or
the West. In general, the consequence of Hadrian's policy was to displace
gradually in the legions the more cultured element by the more warlike,
but less civilized, population from the frontiers of the provinces. It was
Hadrian also who opened the pretorian guard to provincials from Spain,
Noricum and Macedonia. As we have seen, Severus recruited the pretorians
from the legions and so deprived the more thoroughly latinized parts of
the empire of any real representation in the ranks of the army.

*The auxiliaries.* The auxiliary corps, unlike the legions, were not
raised by Augustus from Roman citizens but from the non-Roman provincials
and allies. At first they were recruited and stationed in their native
provinces, but after the revolt of the Batavi in 68 A. D. they were
regularly quartered along distant frontiers. From the time of Hadrian,
they were generally recruited, in the same manner as the legions, from the
districts in which they were in garrison. The extension of Roman
citizenship to practically the whole Roman world by Caracalla in 212 A. D.
removed the basic distinction between the legions and the auxiliaries.

*The numeri.* A new and completely barbarous element was introduced by
Hadrian into the Roman army by the organization of the so-called _numeri_,
corps of varying size, recruited from the non-Romanized peoples on the
frontiers, who retained their local language, weapons and methods of
warfare but were commanded by Roman prefects. The conquered German peoples
settled on Roman soil by Marcus Aurelius and his successors supplied
contingents of this sort.

*The strength of the army.* At the death of Augustus the number of the
legions was twenty-five; under Vespasian it was thirty;