w department of the public administration called the _ratio_ or
_res privata_. The old _patrimonium_ became a subordinate branch of the
_fiscus_. The title of the secretary of the treasury in charge of the
_fiscus_ was now changed to that of _rationalis_, while the new secretary
in charge of the privy purse was called at first _procurator_, and later
_magister_, _rei privatae_. The reform of Severus, which gave to the
private income of the princeps a status in the administration comparable
to that of the public revenues, is a further expression of the monarchical
tendencies of his rule.

*The officiales.* The subaltern personnel of the various bureaus, the
clerks, accountants, etc., during the first two centuries of the
principate was composed almost entirely of imperial freedmen and slaves.
Among these there was apparently no fixed order of promotion or uniform
system of pay, nor could they ever advance to the higher ranks of the
service. However, from the time of Severus soldiers began to be employed
in these capacities and a military organization was introduced into the
bureaus. The way was thus gradually paved for completely dispensing with
the services of freedmen and slaves in any part of the civil
administration.

III. THE ARMY AND THE DEFENCE OF THE FRONTIERS

*The barbarization of the army.* It will be recalled that the military
policy of Augustus aimed at securing the supremacy of the Roman element in
the empire by restricting admission to the legions to Roman citizens or to
freeborn inhabitants of provincial municipalities who received a grant of
citizenship upon entering the service. The gradual abandonment of this
policy is one of the most significant facts in the military history of the
principate.

*The territorial recruitment of the legions.* Under the Augustan system
the legions in the West were recruited from Italy and the romanized
provinces of the West, the eastern legions from the Greek East and
Galatia. But the increasing reluctance of the Italians to render military
service led to the practical, although not to the theoretical, exemption
of Italy from this burden which now rested more heavily upon the latinized
provinces. An innovation of utmost importance was the introduction of the
principle of territorial recruitment for the legions by Hadrian.
Henceforth these corps were recruited principally from the provinces in
which they were stationed, and consequently freedom from