laid for a codification of the Roman law but this was not
carried into effect. Municipal administration in Rome and the Italian
towns was regulated by the Julian Municipal Law, which brought uniformity
into the municipal organization of Italy. The Roman magistracies were
increased in number; the quaestorships from twenty to forty, and the eight
praetorships finally to sixteen. At the same time the priesthoods were
likewise enlarged. Administrative needs and the wish to reward a greater
number of followers probably influenced these changes. A number of new
patrician families were created to take the places of those which had died
out. The membership of the Senate was increased to 900, and many new men,
including ex-soldiers of Caesar and enfranchised Gauls, were enrolled in
it. Caesar provided for his veterans by settling them in Italian
municipalities and in colonies in the provinces. The deserted sites of
Carthage and Corinth were repeopled with Roman colonists and once more
became flourishing cities. In this way Caesar promoted the romanization of
the provinces, a policy which he had begun with his conferment of the
franchise upon the Transpadane Gauls in 49, and continued in the case of
many Spanish communities. This romanization of the provinces and the
admission of provincials to the Senate points to an imperial policy which
would end the exploitation of the provinces in the interests of a
governing caste and a city mob.

*Munda, 45 B. C.* Caesar proved himself a magnanimous conqueror. No Sullan
proscriptions disgraced his victory. After Pharsalus he permitted all the
republican leaders who submitted (among them Cicero), to return to Rome.
Even after Thapsus at the intercession of his friends he pardoned bitter
foes like Marcus Marcellus, one of the consuls of 50 B. C. But there
remained some irreconcilables led by his old lieutenant Labienus, Varus,
and Gnaeus and Sextus Pompey, sons of Pompey the Great, who after
Pharsalus had betaken themselves with a small naval force to the western
Mediterranean. In 46 B. C. they were joined by Labienus and Varus and
landed in Spain where they rallied to their cause the old Pompeian
soldiers who had entered Caesar's service but whose sympathies had been
alienated by one of his _legati_, Quintus Cassius. The Caesarian
commanders could make no headway against them and it became necessary for
the dictator to take the field in person. In December 46 B. C. he set out
for Spain. Thro