y independent peoples, the Cantabri, Astures
and the Callaeci, who harassed with their forays the pacified inhabitants
of the Roman provinces. To secure peace in this quarter Augustus
determined upon the complete subjugation of these peoples. From 27 to 24
B. C. he was present in Spain and between these years his lieutenants
Antistius, Carisius and Agrippa conducted campaigns against them in their
mountain fastness, and, overcoming their desperate resistance, settled
them in the valleys and secured their territory by founding colonies of
veterans. A subsequent revolt in 20-19 was crushed by Marcus Agrippa.

*The pacification of the Alps, 25-8 B. C.* A similar problem was presented
by the Alpine peoples, who not only made devastating raids into northern
Italy but also in the west occupied the passes which offered the most
direct routes between Italy and Transalpine Gaul. In 26 B. C. occurred a
revolt of the Salassi, in the neighborhood of the Little St. Bernard, who
had been subdued eight years before. In the following year they were
completely subjugated, and those who escaped slaughter were sold into
slavery. In 16 B. C. the district of Noricum, i. e., modern Tyrol and
Salzburg, was occupied by Publius Silius Nerva, in consequence of a raid
of the Noricans into the Istrian peninsula. In 15 B. C., the step-son of
Augustus, Nero Claudius Drusus, crossed the Brenner Pass and forced his
way over the Vorarlberg range to Lake Constance, subduing the Raeti on his
way. On the shores of Lake Constance he met his elder brother, Tiberius
Claudius Nero, who had marched eastwards from Gaul. Together they defeated
and subjugated the Vindelici. On the north the Danube was now the Roman
frontier. A number of isolated campaigns completed the subjugation of the
remaining Alpine peoples by 8 B. C. Raetia and Noricum were organized as
procuratorial provinces, while the smaller Alpine districts were placed
under imperial prefects.

*Gaul and Germany.* Caesar had left the land of Gallia Comata crushed but
still unsettled and not fully incorporated in the empire. It fell to the
lot of Augustus to complete its organization, which was accomplished
between 27 and 13 B. C. Subsequent to the transfer of the Narbonese
province to the Senate _Gallia comata_ was divided into three districts;
Aquitania, Lugdunensis and Belgica, which, however, during the lifetime of
Augustus, formed an administrative unity, under one governor with
subordinate _legati