effect upon iron. They will, however,
actively corrode zinc, tin, or solder; hence a soldered pail must be
watched for leaks and is far inferior to a seamless pail, stamped from a
single sheet of iron. A tinned pail is preferred to a galvanized one, but a
plain iron seamless pail or an iron kettle should be obtained if possible.

[10] Best done by previously determining by measurement the depth of 5
gallons of water in the kettle. Set the kettle exactly level and mark the
depth on a stick held vertically on the center of the bottom.

ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE.

By B. H. RANSOM, Ph. D.,

_Chief of Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry._

The animal parasites of cattle comprise more than a hundred different
species, belonging to various groups of the animal kingdom. Fortunately not
all these parasites occur in this country--many are uncommon, and many are
comparatively harmless. Some forms, however, occur frequently, and some are
of distinct importance to the American stockman on account of the damage
for which they are responsible. It is these parasites particularly which
will be referred to in the present article, and although some forms are
discussed which are rare or apparently of little economic importance, most
of the minor and unusual parasites and species not found in this country
have been omitted from consideration.

FLIES.[11]

Of the various species of flies which infest cattle some are injurious on
account of the annoyance, pain, and loss of blood due to their bites, and
sometimes also on account of diseases or parasites which are thus
transmitted from the blood of diseased animals to that of healthy cattle,
while others, which in the winged adult state do not bite, are injurious
because they live parasitic on cattle during their larval stages.

_Remedies for flies._[12]--Most remedies used for protecting cattle from
the attacks of flies have to be applied frequently, and few, if any, will
keep flies away for more than a day or two following their application. The
numerous proprietary fly repellents to be found on the market are usually
more expensive, and often less efficacious than homemade mixtures.

At the Minnesota experiment station rancid lard 1 pound and kerosene
one-half pint, mixed thoroughly until a creamy mass forms, was found to
give excellent results as a fly repellent, lasting for two or three days,
when rubbed not too thickly with a cloth or with the bare hand over th