tobacco is soaked over night in about 8 gallons of water. To this decoction
is added 1 pound of copper sulphate which has been dissolved in 2 or 3
quarts of boiling water. Sufficient water is then added to the mixture to
make a total of 9-1/2 gallons. The doses of this solution are the same as
for the simple copper sulphate solution, described on page 522, namely:

Calves 3-1/2 to 4 fluid ounces.
Yearlings 6 fluid ounces.
Two-year-olds and over 12 to 16 fluid ounces.

[Illustration: FIG. 18.--A tapeworm (_Moniezia planissima_) which
infests cattle.]

ROUNDWORMS.

A large roundworm (_Ascaris vitulorum_) measuring 6 to 12 inches in length,
sometimes found in the intestines of cattle, especially calves, may cause
inflammation and occasionally rupture of the intestine. Infection occurs
through the swallowing of the eggs of the parasite in feed or water which
has been contaminated with the feces of infested cattle.

A number of species of small roundworms, varying in size from an eighth of
an inch to an inch or more in length, occur in the intestines. Of these may
be mentioned the hookworm (_Bunostomum phlebotomum_) and the nodular worm
(_[OE]sophagostomum radiatum_). The former is about an inch long and is found
in the small intestine. The latter is somewhat smaller and is found in the
cecum and large intestine. Hookworms, when numerous, may cause anemia and
other symptoms similar to those caused by stomach worms (see p. 519). The
injury to the mucous lining of the intestine from the bites of hookworms
may cause severe inflammation, and affords an avenue of infection with the
germs of various diseases. The adult nodular worms apparently do not attack
the wall of the intestine, but derive their nourishment from the intestinal
contents. Several species of small, very slender roundworms
(_Trichostrongylus_), less than a quarter of an inch in length, sometimes
occur in the small intestine and fourth stomach, and a severe
gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the stomach and intestines, has been
attributed to them. One species of small roundworm (_Cooperia punctata_)
burrows in the wall of the small intestine and causes caseous nodules in
the mucous lining. This parasite sometimes occurs in very large numbers in
the intestines of cattle in certain sections of the country, and apparently
does considerable damage.

_Nodular disease_ of the intestine, due to young nodular w