skin may become
ulcerated; the animals are greatly weakened and emaciated, and finally die.
By taking scrapings from the edges of scabby patches and placing them on a
piece of black paper in a warm place the mites may be seen as tiny white
objects crawling over the paper, more distinctly if a magnifying glass is
used. Mange may be confused with lousiness, ringworm, or with any condition
in which there is itching or loss of hair, but if mites are found there is
no question of the diagnosis. The disease is worse during cold, wet
weather. Mangy cattle when on good pasture during the summer often seem to
recover, but in the fall the disease again appears in a severe form.

_Treatment._--The most generally used and most satisfactory method of
treating cattle mange consists in dipping the animals in a vat filled with
a liquid of such nature that it will kill the parasites without injuring
the cattle. Vats for dipping cattle are built of wood, stone, or concrete,
and vary in length from 30 to 100 feet or more. They vary in width from 3
to 7 feet at the top and 1-1/2 to 3 feet at the bottom, and the depth may
be from 7 to 10 feet. A narrow chute through which the cattle are driven
leads to one end of the vat, where a steep slide pitches the cattle into
the dipping fluid, through which they swim, and climb out of the vat at the
other end, which is built sloping and provided with cross cleats to give
the animals a foothold. A draining pen with floor sloping back toward the
vat is generally provided. The dip should be used warm, 100 deg. to 105 deg. F.,
and the cattle should be held in the vat for two minutes to insure thorough
action of the dip. The head of each animal should be ducked at least once.
Care should be taken that the vat contains a sufficient depth of fluid to
swim the animals to be dipped. The dipping fluid may be heated from a steam
boiler by pipes or hose, or water heated in large iron cauldrons or tanks
may be used for charging the vat, and hot water with a proper quantity of
dip added from time to time as the dipping fluid becomes cool.

If crude-petroleum dips are used, one dipping is usually sufficient, and
the dip is used cold. Crude-petroleum dips are rarely used for common
mange, but are of special value for sarcoptic mange, which is cured with
difficulty by the ordinary dips. In the treatment of ordinary mange with
lime-sulphur or nicotin dips two dippings are necessary, the second dipping
being given 10 to