the upper part of the windpipe or of the gullet. Bleeding
at the mouth or nose may be noticed, the membranes where the leech is
attached are liable to be swollen and congested, and as a result of the
loss of blood a condition of anemia may result.

_Treatment._--If the worm can be reached it may be destroyed by cutting it
in two with a pair of scissors, or it may be removed with forceps or with
the fingers after wrapping a towel around the hand so that the worm can be
held without slipping. Fumigation with tobacco or tar may cause the worm to
release its hold if it can not be removed by other means. Ponds may be rid
of infestation with bloodsuckers by the introduction of eels.

PARASITES OF THE STOMACH.

The stomach of cattle consists of four compartments, of which the first and
fourth are most likely to be the seat of parasitic infestation. The first
stomach, or paunch, contains large numbers of minute parasites known as
protozoa, which are too small to be seen with the naked eye. These small
organisms apparently are in no way injurious. A species of fluke
(_Paramphistomum cervi_ or a closely related species) is occasionally found
in North American cattle, especially grass-fed cattle, attached to the
inner surface of the first stomach (fig. 12). This worm is about one-half
inch long, and somewhat conical in shape; hence the name, conical fluke, by
which it is sometimes known. Although this parasite has been accused of
producing serious effects, it is generally considered harmless.

Several species of roundworms may occur in the fourth stomach. Two of these
are of special importance.

[Illustration: FIG. 12.--Portion of the wall of the first stomach with
conical flukes attached.]

THE TWISTED STOMACH WORM (HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS).

The twisted stomach worm (_Haemonchus contortus_, figs. 13, 14, 15) is
sometimes found in enormous numbers in the fourth stomach of cattle. Sheep,
goats, and other ruminants may also be infested with it. Among the symptoms
caused by this parasite may be mentioned anemia, loss of flesh, general
weakness, dullness, capricious appetite, excessive thirst, and diarrhea.
The anemic condition is seen in the paleness of the skin and mucous
membranes of the mouth and eye, and in the watery swellings which often
develop under the lower jaw ("poverty jaw"). If the fourth stomach of a
dead animal is cut open and the contents carefully examined, the parasites,
which are from 1/2 inch to 1-1/4