e authorities, who believe
that more of the remedy is likely to reach the fourth stomach when the
animal is dosed standing than when dosed in other positions.

Great care should be used in dosing to prevent the entrance of the liquid
into the lungs, and in the preparation and administration of the remedy to
avoid getting the solution too strong or the dose too large.

Bluestone, or copper sulphate, has been extensively used in South Africa in
the treatment of sheep and cattle for stomach worms and is recommended by
the colonial veterinary surgeon of the Cape Colony as the best and safest
remedy. To prepare the solution take 1 pound (avoirdupois) of pure
bluestone, powder it fine, and dissolve in 9-1/2 gallons of warm water. It
is better first to dissolve the bluestone in 2 or 3 quarts of boiling
water, then add the remaining quantity of cold water, and mix thoroughly.
This solution may be given to cattle in the following-sized doses:

Calves 3-1/2 to 4 fluid ounces.
Yearlings 6 fluid ounces.
Two-year-olds and over 12 to 16 fluid ounces.

In making up the solution only clear blue crystals of bluestone should be
used. Bluestone with white patches or crusts should be rejected. It is
especially important that the bluestone and water be accurately weighed and
measured, and that the size of the dose be graduated according to the age
of the animal.

The special value of medicated salts advertised under various trade names
as preventives against worms is problematical. Commonly they contain little
else than ordinary salt, the other substances being in such small quantity
that their therapeutic effect is practically negligible. Definite evidence
that they are more efficacious than plain salt is not yet available and
their use is not recommended.

[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Twisted stomach worms (_Haemonchus contortus_).
Outlines showing natural size of male (above) and female.]

[Illustration: FIG. 14.--Twisted stomach worms (_Haemonchus contortus_).
Male (_a_), female (_b_), and egg (_c_). Enlarged.]

[Illustration: FIG. 15.--Larva of twisted stomach worm (_Haemonchus
contortus_) coiled on tip of grass blade. Enlarged.]

[Illustration: FIG. 16.--A drenching tube made from an ordinary tin
funnel, a piece of rubber hose, and a piece of brass pipe.]

THE ENCYSTED STOMACH WORM (OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI).

This parasite is as thick as a fine hair and less than half a