lbeck we have
cold, and Holbrook contains hollow, but in some names -brook has been
substituted for -borough, -burgh. We find Brook latinized as Torrens.
Aborn is for atte bourne, and there are probably many places called
Blackburn and Otterburn.

Firth, an estuary, cognate with fjord, often becomes Frith, but this
surname usually comes from frith, a park or game preserve (Chapter
XIII).

Another word for a creek, wick or wick (Scand.), cannot be
distinguished from wick, a settlement. Pond, a doublet of Pound
(Chapter XIII), means a piece of water enclosed by a dam, while
natural sheets of water are Lake, or Lack, not limited originally to a
large expanse, Mere, whence Mears and such compounds as Cranmer
(crane), Bulmer (bull), etc., and Pool, also spelt Pull and Pole. We
have compounds of the latter in Poulton (Chapter I), Claypole, and
Glasspool.

In Kent a small pond is called Sole, whence Nethersole. The bank of a
river or lake was called Over, cognate with Ger. Ufer, whence Overend,
Overall (see below), Overbury, Overland. The surname Shore, for atte
shore, may refer to the sea-shore, but the word sewer was once
regularly so pronounced and the name was applied to large drains in
the fen country (cf. Gott, Water, Chapter XIII). Beach is a word of
late appearance and doubtful origin, and as a surname is usually
identical with Beech.

Spits of land by the waterside were called Hook (cf. Hook of Holland
and Sandy Hook) and Hoe or Hoo, as in Plymouth Hoe, or the Hundred of
Hoo, between the Thames and the Medway. From Hook comes Hooker, where
it does not mean a maker of hooks, while Homan and Hooman sometimes
belong to the second. Alluvial land by a stream was called halgh,
haugh, whence sometimes Hawes. Its dative case gives Hale and Heal.
These often become -hall, -all, in place-names. Compounds are
Greenhalgh, Greenall and Featherstonehaugh, perhaps our longest
surname.

Ing, a low-lying meadow, Mid. Eng. eng, survives in Greening, Fenning,
Wilding, and probably sometimes in England (Chapter XI). But Inge and
Ings, the latter the name of one of the Cato Street conspirators, also
represent an Anglo-Saxon personal name. Cf. Ingall and Ingle, from
Ingwulf, or Ingold, whence Ingoldsby.

ISLANDS

Ey, an island, [Footnote: Isle of Sheppey, Mersea Island, etc, are
pleonasms.]survives as the last element of many names, and is not
always to be distinguished from hey (hay, Settlements, Chapter III)