ave both remained, while in
Thornber the suffix is almost unrecognizable. By, related to byre and
to the preposition by, is especially common in Yorkshire and
Lincolnshire. It is sometimes spelt bee, e.g. Ashbee for Ashby. The
simple Bye is not uncommon. Ham is cognate with home. In compounds
it is sometimes reduced to -um, e.g. Barnum, Holtum, Warnum. But in
some such names the -um is the original form, representing an old
dative plural (Chapter III). Allum represents the usual Midland
pronunciation of Hallam. Cullum, generally for Culham, may also
represent the missionary Saint Colomb. In Newnham the adjective is
dative, as in Ger. Neuenheim, at the new home. In Bonham, Frankham,
and Pridham the suffix -ham has been substituted for the French homme
of bonhomme, franc homme, prudhomme, while Jerningham is a perversion
of the personal name Jernegan or Gernegan, as Garnham is of Gernon,
Old French for Beard (Chapter XXI). Stead is cognate with Ger. Stadt,
place, town, and with staith, as in Bickersteth(Chapter III).
Armstead means the dwelling of the hermit, Bensted the stead of Benna
(Chapter VII) or Bennet.

Stoke is originally distinct from Stock, a stump, with which it has
become fused in the compounds Bostock, Brigstocke. Stow appears in
the compound Bristol (Chapter XI) and in Plaistow, play-ground (cf.
Playsted). Thorp, cognate with Ger. Dorf, village, is especially
common in the eastern counties

"By twenty thorps, a little town,
And half a hundred bridges."

(Tennyson, The Brook, 1. 5.)

It has also given Thrupp and probably Thripp, whence Calthrop,
Winthrop, Westrupp, etc.

Ton, later Town, gave also the northern Toon, still used in Scotland
with something of its original sense (Chapter XII). Boston is
Botolf's town, Gunston Gunolf's town. So also Tarleton (Thurweald),
Monkton (monk), Preston (priest). Barton meant originally a
barley-field, and is still used in the west of England for a paddock.
Wick appears also as Wych, Weech. Its compounds cannot be separated
from those of wick, a creek (Chapter XII). Bromage is for Bromwich,
Greenidge for Greenwich, Prestage for Prestwich; cf. the place-name
Swanage (Dorset), earlier Swanewic.

Worth was perhaps originally applied to land by a river or to a holm
(Chapter XII); cf. Ger. Donauwert, Nonnenwert, etc. Harmsworth is for
Harmondsworth; cf. Ebbsworth (Ebba), Shuttleworth (Sceotweald),
Wadsworth (Wada). Sometimes we find a lengthened