d Spain. However this may be, it seems certain that the
earliest cards commonly used in this country were of the same kind, with
respect to the marks of the suits, as those used in Italy and Spain."

About the last quarter of the 15th century, packs with animals, flowers
and human figures, for marks of the suits, were engraved upon copper;
and later, numerous variations appeared, dictated by the caprice of
individual card-makers; but they never came into general use.

The court cards of the early packs were king, chevalier and knave. The
Italians were probably the first to substitute a queen for the
chevalier, who in French cards is altogether superseded by the queen.
The court cards of French packs received fanciful names, which varied
from time to time.

AUTHORITIES.--Abbe Rive, _Eclaircissements sur l'invention des cartes
a jouer_ (Paris, 1780); J.G.I. Breitkopf, _Versuch den Ursprung der
Spielkarten zu erforschen_ (Leipzig, 1784); Samuel Weller Singer,
_Researches into the History of Playing Cards, with Illustrations of
the Origin of Printing and Engraving on Wood_ (London, 1816); G.
Peignot, _Analyse critique et raisonnee de toutes les recherches
publiees jusqu'a ce jour, sur l'origine des cartes a jouer_ (Dijon,
1826); M.C. Leber, _Etudes historiques sur les cartes a jouer,
principalement sur les cartes francaises_ (Paris, 1842); William
Andrew Chatto, _Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of
Playing Cards_ (London, 1848); P. Boiteau D'Ambly, _Les Cartes a jouer
et la cartomancie_ (Paris, 1854), translated into English with
additions under the title of _The History of Playing Cards, with
Anecdotes of their use in Conjuring, Fortune-telling, and
Card-sharping_, edited by the Rev. E.S. Taylor, B.A. (London, 1865);
W. Hughes Willshire, M.D., _A Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and
other Cards in the British Museum_, printed by order of the trustees
(London, 1876); _Origine des cartes a jouer_, by R. Merlin (Paris,
1869); _The Devil's Picture Books_, by Mrs J.K. Van Rensselaer (New
York, 1890); _Bibliography of Works in English on Playing Cards and
Gaming_, by F. Jessel (London, 1905); and especially _Les Cartes a
jouer_, by Henri Rene d'Allemagne (Paris, 1906) (an exhaustive
account).

CARDUCCI, BARTOLOMMEO (1560-1610), Italian painter, better known as
CARDUCHO, the Spanish corruption of his Italian patronymic, was born in
Florence, where he studied