t of the genuine names
represented by the pseudonyms used above, together with others
familiar to the public:--

"Andre Gill" = L.A. Gosset de Guine (1840-1885).
"Bac" ("Cab" and
"Saro") = Ferdinand Bach (b. 1859).
"Caran d'Ache" = Emmanuel Poire.
"Cham" = Comte Amedee de Noe (b. 1818).
"Crafty" = Victor Gerusez (b. 1840).
"Draner" (and "Paf") = Jules Renard (b. 1833).
"Faustin" = Faustin Betbeder (b. 1847).
"Gavarni" = S.G. Chevalier (1804-1866).
"Gedeon" = Gedeon Baril (b. 1832).
"Grandville" = J.I.I. Gerard (1803-1847).
"Henriot" (and "Piff") = Henri Maigrot (b. 1857).
"Henri Somm" = Henri Sommier (b. 1844).
"Job" = J.O. de Breville (b. 1858).
"Marcelin" = Emile Planat (1825-1887).
"Mars" = Maurice Bonvoisin (b. 1849).
"Moloch" = Colomb (b. 1849).
"Montbard" = C.A. Loye (1841-1905).
"Nadar" = Felix Tournachon (b. 1820).
"Pasquin" = Georges Coutan (b. 1853).
"Pepin" = Ed. Guillaume (b. 1842).
"Randon" = Gilbert (1814-1845).
"Sahib" = L.E. Lesage (b. 1847).
"Said" = Alphonse Levy (b. 1845).
"Sem" = George Goursat.
"Stop" = L.P. Morel-Retz (b. 1825).

_Germany_.--During the later 19th century German caricature flourished
principally in the comic papers _Kladderadatsch_ of Berlin and
_Fliegende Blatter_ of Munich; the former a political paper with
little artistic value, in which the ideas alone are clever, whilst
the illustrations are merely a more or less clumsy adjunct to the
text, while the _Fliegende Blatter_, on the contrary, has artistic
merit as well as wit. Wilhelm Busch (b. 1832), the most brilliant
German draughtsman of the last generation, made his _debut_ with an
illustrated poem "The Peasant and the Miller," and won a world-wide
reputation with the following works: _Pater Filucius, Die Fromme
Helene, Max und Moritz, Der heilige Antonius, Maler Kleksel, Balduin
Bahlamm, Die Erlebnisse Knopps des Junggesellen_. Busch stands alone
among the caricaturists of his nation, inasmuch as he is both the
author and the illustrator of these works, his witty doggerel