859-1904) frequently scored, and in the
wide extent of the United States one finds keen wits busily assailing
the manifold evils of life. Noteworthy among them are: Thos. E.
Powers, H.R. Heaton, Albert Levering, Clare Angell and R.C. Swayne.

_Scandinavia._--Caricature flourishes also in the Scandinavian
countries, but few names are known beyond their borders. Professor
Hans Tegner of Denmark is an exception; his illustrations to Hans
Andersen (English edition, 1900) have carried his name wherever that
author is appreciated, yet his reputation was made in the Danish
_Punch_, which was founded after the year 1870 but has long ceased to
exist. Alfred Schmidt and Axel Thiess have contributed notable
sketches to _Puk_ and its successor _Klockhaus_, but in point of style
they scarcely carry on the tradition of their predecessor, Fritz
Jurgensen. Among humorous artists of Norway, Th. Kittelsen perhaps
holds the leading place, and in Sweden, Bruno Liljefors, best known as
a brilliant painter of bird life.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--_Rules for Drawing Caricature, with an Essay on Comic
Painting_, by Francis Grose (8vo, London, 1788); _Historical Sketch of
the Art of Caricaturing_, by J. Peller Malcolm (4to, London, 1813);
_History of Caricature and Grotesque in Literature and Art_, by Thomas
Wright (8vo, London, 1865); _Musee de la caricature_, by Jaime; (a)
_Histoire de la caricature antique_; (b) _Histoire de la caricature au
moyen age et sous la renaissance_; (c) _Histoire de la caricature sous
la reforme et la ligue_; (d) _Histoire de la caricature sous la
republique, l'empire, et la restauration_; (e) _Histoire de la
caricature moderne_ (5 vols.), by Champfleury (i.e. Jules Fleury),
(8vo, Paris); _Le Musee secret de la caricature_, by Champfleury (i.e.
Jules Fleury), (8vo, Paris); _L'Art du rire et de la caricature_, by
Arsene Alexandre (8vo, Paris); _Caricature and other Comic Art_, by
James Parton (sm. 4to, New York, 1878); _Le Miroir de la vie: la
Caricature_, by Robert de la Sizeranne (8vo, Paris, 1902), (tracing
the aesthetic development of the art and spirit of caricature); _La
Caricature a travers les siecles_, by Georges Veyrat (4to, Paris); _La
Caricature et les caricaturistes_, by Emile Bagaud (with a preface by
Ch. Leandre), (fo., Paris); _Le Rire et la caricature_, by Paul
Gaultier (with a preface by Sully Prudhomme), (8vo, Paris, 1906), (a
work of o