shes up in jets of 1-1/2 ft. thick
to a height of about 3-1/2 ft., and delivers about 405 gallons of water
per minute. Other springs are the Muhlbrunnen, with a temperature of 121
deg. F., which is after the Sprudel the most used spring; the Neubrunnen
(138 deg. F.); the Kaiser-Karl-Quelle (112 deg. F.); the
Theresienbrunnen (134 deg. F.), &c. The warm springs belong to the class
of alkaline-saline waters and have all the same chemical composition,
varying only in their degree of temperature. The chemical composition of
the Sprudel, taken to a thousand parts of water, is: 2.405 sulphate of
soda, 1.298 bicarbonate of soda, 1.042 chloride of soda, 0.186 sulphate
of potash, 0.166 bicarbonate of magnesia, 0.012 bicarbonate of lithium,
and 0.966 carbonic acid gas. They contain also traces of arsenic,
antimony, selenium, rubidium, tin and organic substances. The water is
colourless and odourless, with a slightly acidulated and salt taste, and
has a specific gravity of 1.0053 at 64.4 deg. F. The waters are used
both for drinking and bathing, and are very beneficent in cases of liver
affections, biliary and renal calculi, diabetes, gout, rheumatism, and
uric acid troubles. They are very powerful in their effect and must not
be used except under medical direction, and during the cure, a
carefully-regulated diet must be observed, coupled with a moderate
amount of exercise in the open air. The number of visitors in 1901 was
51,454; in 1756 it was only 257; in 1828 it was 3713; and it attained
14,182 in 1869, and 34,396 in 1890.

Carlsbad is encircled by mountains, covered with beautiful forests of
pine, which are made accessible by well-kept paths. Just above the town
towers the Hirschensprung (1620 ft.), a little farther the
Freundschaftshohe (1722 ft.); the Franz-Josefs-Hohe (1663 ft.); and the
Aberg (1980 ft.). On the opposite bank of the Tepl lies the Rudolfshohe
(1379 ft.); the Dreikreuzberg (1805 ft.); the Konig Otto's Hohe (1960
ft); and the Ewiges Leben (2086 ft.), with the Stephaniewarte, a tower,
98 ft. high, built in 1889, which commands a superb view. The town is
the centre of the porcelain and stoneware industry of Bohemia, and
manufactures a special liqueur (_Karlsbader Bitter_), besides various
objects from the Sprudel rock and confectionery. It exported, in 1901,
2-1/4 millions of bottles of mineral water, and 160,000 lb. of Sprudel
salt, i.e. salt obtained by evaporation from the water of the Sprudel.

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