cies. A
list of many articles upon Carlyle is given by Mr Ireland in _Notes
and Queries_, sixth series, vol. iv. Among other authors may be
noticed Henry James, sen., in _Literary Remains_; Prof. Masson,
_Carlyle, Personally and in his Writings_; Conway, _Thomas Carlyle_;
Larkin, _The Open Secret of Carlyle's Life_; Mrs Oliphant in
_Macmillan's Magazine_ for April 1881; G.S. Venables in _Fortnightly
Review_ for May 1883 and November 1884. A good deal of controversy has
arisen relating to Froude's treatment of the relations between Carlyle
and his wife, and during 1903-1904 this was pushed to a somewhat
unsavoury extent. Those who are curious to pry into the question of
Carlyle's marital capacity, and the issues between Froude's assailants
and his defenders, may consult _New Letters and Memorials of Jane
Welsh Carlyle_, with introduction by Sir James Crichton-Browne; _My
Relations with Carlyle_, by J.A. Froude; _The Nemesis of Froude_, by
Sir J. Crichton-Browne and Alexander Carlyle; and articles in the
_Contemporary Review_ (June, July, August, 1903), and _Nineteenth
Century and After_ (May, July, 1903). See also Herbert Paul's _Life of
Froude_ (1905). The precise truth in these matters is hardly
recoverable, even if it concerns posterity: and though Froude was
often inaccurate, he was given full authority by Carlyle, he had all
the unpublished material before him, and he was dead and unable to
reply to criticism when the later attacks were made.

FOOTNOTE:

[1] John Aitken Carlyle (1801-1879) finally settled near the Carlyles
in Chelsea. He began an English prose version of Dante's _Divine
Comedy_--which has earned him the name of "Dante Carlyle"--but only
completed the translation of the _Inferno_ (1849). The work included
a critical edition of the text and a valuable introduction and notes.

CARMAGNOLA, FRANCESCO BUSSONE, COUNT OF (1390-1432), Italian soldier of
fortune, was born at Carmagnola near Turin, and began his military
career when twelve years old under Facino Cane, a _condottiere_ then in
the service of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. On the death of
the latter his duchy was divided among his captains, but his son and
heir, Filippo Maria, determined to reconquer it by force of arms. Facino
Cane being dead, Visconti applied to Carmagnola, then in his thirtieth
year, and gave him command of the army. That general's success was
ast