great mistake was that he failed to see that he
could not do with a solvent and strong government what he could with
bankrupt tyrants without military resources, and that the astute
Visconti meant to ruin him for his abandonment.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The best account of Carmagnola is Horatio Brown's essay
in his _Studies in Venetian History_ (London, 1907); see also A.
Battistella, _Il Conte di Carmagnola_ (Genoa, 1889); E. Ricotti,
_Storia delle Compagnie di Ventura_ (Turin, 1845). Alessandro Manzoni
(q.v.) made this episode the subject of a poetical drama, _Il Conte di
Carmagnola_ (1826). (L. V.*)

CARMAGNOLA, a town of Italy, in the province of Turin, 18 m. by rail S.
of Turin. Pop. (1901) 2447 (town), 11,721 (commune). It is the junction
where the lines for Savona and Cuneo diverge; it is also connected with
Turin by a steam tramway via Carignano. Carmagnola is a place of
medieval origin. The town was captured by the French in 1796.

CARMAGNOLE (from Carmagnola, the town in Italy), a word first applied to
a Piedmontese peasant costume, well known in the south of France, and
brought to Paris by the revolutionaries of Marseilles in 1798. It
consisted of a short skirted coat with rows of metal buttons, a
tricoloured waistcoat and red cap, and became the popular dress of the
Jacobins. The name was then given to the famous revolutionary song,
composed in 1792, the tune of which, and the wild dance which
accompanied it, may have also been brought into France by the
Piedmontese. The original first verse began:--

"Monsieur Veto (i.e. Louis XVI.) avait promis
D'etre fidele a sa patrie."

and each verse ends with the refrain:--

"Vive le son, vive le son,
Dansons la Carmagnole,
Vive le son
Du Canon."

The words were constantly altered and added to during the Terror and
later; thus the well-known lines,

"Madame Veto avait promis
De faire egorger tout Paris
...
On lui coupa la tete," &c.,

were added after the execution of Marie Antoinette. Played in double
time the tune was a favourite march in the Revolutionary armies, until
it was forbidden by Napoleon, on becoming First Consul.

CARMARTHEN (_Caerfyrddin_), a municipal borough, contributory
parliamentary borough (united with Llanelly since 1832), and county town
of Carmarthenshire, and a county of itself, finely situated on the right
bank of the Towy, which is here tidal and navigable for small c