enum_, 469) used the word [Greek: daimon] in this
sense, as did the later Stoics; see Mulder, _de
Conscientiae notione_, p. 71. Seneca, _Ep._ 41. 2, uses
the word _spiritus_: "Sacer intra nos spiritus sedet ...
in unoquoque virorum bonorum, quis deus incertum est,
habitat deus" (from Virg. _Aen._ viii. 352). Cp. Marcus
Aurelius iii. 3. Seneca uses the word genius clearly in
this sense in _Ep._ 110 foll. On the Stoic daemon
consult Zeller, _Stoics_, etc., p. 332 foll.; Oakesmith,
_Religion of Plutarch_, ch. vi.

[795] See, _e.g._, Zeller, p. 268.

[796] This habit of illustrating by historical examples
had an educational value of its own, but serves well to
show how comparatively feeble was the appeal of Stoicism
to the conscience. It may be seen well in Valerius
Maximus, whose work, compiled of fact and fiction for
educational purposes, is far indeed from being an
inspiring one. See _Social Life at Rome_, p. 189.

[797] Arrian, _Discourses_, i. 3. 1-6 (_Golden Sayings
of Epictetus_, No. 9).

[798] Schmekel, _Die mittlere Stoa_, p. 190 foll.
(Panaetius), and 244 foll. (Posidonius), Zeller 160
foll. This is the Fate or Providence on which the moral
lesson of the _Aeneid_ is based; see below, p. 409
foll. Aeneas is the servant of Destiny. If he had
persisted in rebelling against it by remaining at
Carthage with Dido, that would not have changed the
inevitable course of things, but it would have ruined
him.

[799] _Gifford Lectures_, ii. 96.

[800] Zeller, _Stoics_, etc., p. 255. This, of course,
did not diminish the duty of general benevolence, _ib._
p. 310 and references, where fine passages of Cicero and
Seneca are quoted about duties to one's inferiors. But
an enthusiasm of humanity was none the less wanting in
Stoicism, and this was largely owing no doubt to their
hard and fast distinction between virtue and vice, and
their want of perception of a growth or evolution in
society. See Caird, _op. cit._ ii. 99; Lecky, _Hist. of
European Morals_, i. 192 foll.; Zeller 251 foll.

[801] See some excellent remarks in Lecky, _op. cit._ i.
p. 242 foll.

[802] See above, note 40.

[803] Zeller, _Stoics_, etc., p. 229. Cic. _de Finibus_,
iii, 10, 35; _Tusc. Disp._ iv. 28, 60.

LECTURE XVII

MYSTICISM--IDEAS OF A FUTURE LIFE

We