327 U.S. 573 (1946).

[24] Hagood _v._ Southern, 117 U.S. 52, 70 (1886). _See also_ Pennoyer
_v._ McConnaughy, 140 U.S. 1, 10 (1891) where Justice Lamar also
emphasizes the operation of the judgment against the State itself.

[25] 107 U.S. 711, 721 (1883). _See also_ Christian _v._ Atlantic &
N.C.R. Co., 133 U.S. 233 (1890).

[26] Louisiana ex rel. Elliott _v._ Jumel, 107 U.S. 711, 721 (1883).

[27] Board of Liquidation _v._ McComb, 92 U.S. 531, 541 (1876). This was
a case involving an injunction, but Justice Bradley regarded mandamus
and injunction as correlative to each other in cases where the official
unlawfully commits or omits an act. _See also_ Rolston _v._ Missouri
Fund Commissioners, 120 U.S. 390, 411 (1887), where it is held that an
injunction would lie to restrain the sale of a railroad on the ground
that a suit to compel a State official to do what the law requires of
him is not a suit against the State. _See also_ Houston _v._ Ormes, 252
U.S. 469 (1920).

[28] Board of Liquidation _v._ McComb, 92 U.S. 531, 541 (1876).

[29] 154 U.S. 362 (1894).

[30] Poindexter _v._ Greenhow, 114 U.S. 270 (1885); Allen _v._ Baltimore
& O.R. Co., 114 U.S. 311 (1885); Pennoyer _v._ McConnaughy, 140 U.S. 1
(1891); In re Tyler, 149 U.S. 164 (1893). As stated by Justice Harlan in
Fitts _v._ McGhee, 172 U.S. 516, 529-530 (1899), "There is a wide
difference between a suit against individuals, holding official
positions under a State, to prevent them, under the sanction of an
unconstitutional statute, from committing by some positive act a wrong
or trespass, and a suit against officers of a State merely to test the
constitutionality of a state statute, in the enforcement of which those
officers will act only by formal judicial proceedings in the courts of
the State." _See also_ North Carolina _v._ Temple, 134 U.S. 22 (1890).

[31] _See_ 123 U.S. 443; and 172 U.S. 516.

[32] 154 U.S. 362 (1894).

[33] 169 U.S. 466 (1898).

[34] 209 U.S. 123 (1908).

[35] 123 U.S. 443 (1887); 172 U.S. 516 (1899).

[36] For cases following Ex parte Young, _see_ Home Telephone &
Telegraph Co. _v._ Los Angeles, 227 U.S. 278 (1913); Truax _v._ Raich,
239 U.S. 33 (1915); Cavanaugh _v._ Looney, 248 U.S. 453 (1919); Terrace
_v._ Thompson, 263 U.S. 197 (1923); Hygrade Provision Co. _v._ Sherman,
266 U.S. 497 (1925); Massachusetts State Grange _v._ Benton, 272 U.S.
525 (1926); Hawks _v._ Hamill, 288 U.S. 52 (1933). These last cases,
however,