and to reach it from Patras the Gulf of
Corinth had to be crossed.]

[Footnote 39: Chalcis, the capital of Euboea or Negroponte,
is even now called Egripo. It is situated on the Straits of
Euripus.]

[Footnote 40: Some twenty years later the Wallachians were
in open revolt and became independent of the Byzantine
Empire. Gibbon, chap. lx.]

[Footnote 41: See Gibbon, chap. liii. He often quotes
Benjamin.]

[Footnote 42: The Grand Duchy of Kieff was called Russia.
See page 81.]

[Footnote 43: The Petchinegs, as well as the Khazars,
Bulgarians, Hungarians, and Turks, are called by Josippon,
I, chap. i, descendants of Togarma. Patzinakia was the
country from the Danube to the Dnieper, and corresponds with
Dacia of classical times.]

[Footnote 44: The readings of E and A are corrupt. R has
[Hebrew:], and BM. has [Hebrew:], the southern provinces of
Russia were spoken of as the land of the Khazars, especially
by Jewish writers, long after the Russian conquest about the
year 1000, and the Crimea was known to European travellers
as Gazaria. It took Rabbi Pethachia eight days to pass
through the land of the Khazars. See Dr. A. Benisch,
_Translation of Petachia's Travels_. In note 3, p. 70, he
gives a short sketch of their history. The ruling dynasty
and most of the inhabitants embraced the Jewish religion.]

[Footnote 45: _Procopius_, vol. I (Palestine Pilgrims' Text
Society), gives a full description of Constantinople.]

[Footnote 46: The commentator, wrongly supposed to be Rashi,
gives an interesting note upon the passage in I Chron. xx.
2, where it is mentioned that David took the crown of the
king of the children of Ammon, and found it to weigh a
talent of gold, and it was set upon David's head. Rashi
states that the meaning of the passage must be that this
crown was hung above David's throne, and adds that he heard
in Narbonne that this practice was still kept up by the
kings in the East.]

[Footnote 47: See for a full account of these powerful
Seljuk Sultans F. Lebrecht's Essay on the Caliphate of
Bagdad during the latter half of the twelfth century. Vol.
II of A. Asher's _Itinerary of Rabbi Benjamin_.]

[Footnote 48: Ibn Verga, _Shevet Jehuda_, XXV, states that a
predecessor of the Emperor Manuel