[Footnote 29: Professor Ray Lankester, in a lecture given on
Dec. 29, 1903, at the Royal Institution, illustrated changes
in the disposition of land and water by pointing to the
identical ruined Temple referred to by Benjamin. It now
stands high above the sea, and did so in the second and
third centuries of the present era, but in the eighth and
ninth centuries was so low, owing to the sinking of the
land, that the lower parts of its marble pillars stood in
the sea, and sea-shells grew in the crevices.]

[Footnote 30: Josippon gives these legends in Book I, chaps.
iii and iv, when speaking of Zur, whom he associates with
Sorrento. Benjamin had few other sources of information. In
the immediate neighbourhood of Pozzuoli is Solfatara, where
sulphur is found. A destructive eruption from the crater
took place in 1198. Hot springs abound, and the baths at
Bagnoli are much frequented to the present day. The
underground road is the Piedi grotta of Posilipo,
constructed by Augustus.]

[Footnote 31: R. Isaac, the father of R. Judah, must be the
"Greek Locust" against whom Ibn Ezra directed his satire
when visiting Salerno some twenty years before R. Benjamin.
See Graetz, VI, p. 441.]

[Footnote 32: Cf. Isaiah lxvi. 19.]

[Footnote 33: This city was destroyed by William the Bad in
1156. It was ordered to be restored by William the Good in
1169, so that Benjamin must have visited Bari before that
date. See p. 79, note 2. We have here another clue as to the
date of Benjamin's travels.]

[Footnote 34: See H.M. Adler's article on Jews in Southern
Italy, _J.Q.R._, XIV, p. 111. Gibbon, _Decline and Fall of
the Roman Empire_, chap. lvi, describing the reconquest of
the southern provinces of Italy by the Byzantine Emperor
Manuel, 1155, says. "The natives of Calabria were still
attached to the Greek language and worship."]

[Footnote 35: The river Achelous falls into the Ionian Sea
opposite to Ithaca.]

[Footnote 36: Anatolica is now known as Aetolicum.]

[Footnote 37: Patras, the ancient Patrae, was founded long
before the time of Antipater. _Josippon_, II, chap. xxiii,
is again the questionable authority on which Benjamin
relied.]

[Footnote 38: Lepanto in the early Middle Ages was called
Naupactus or Epacto,