ury of Islamism, under the Caliph Valyd, the
son of Abd-almalek.]

[Footnote 198: It will be seen that the list of names given
in our text is much more complete than that given by Asher,
who enumerates but twenty-eight Christian states in lieu of
forty given in the British Museum MS. In some cases the
readings of _R_ and _O_, which appear to have been written
by careful scribes, and are of an older date than _E_ and
the printed editions, have been adopted. In our text,
through the ignorance of the scribe, who had no gazetteer or
map to turn to, some palpable errors have crept in. For
instance, in naming Amalfi, already mentioned on p. 9, the
error in spelling it [Hebrew:] has been repeated. Patzinakia
(referred to on p. 12, as trading with Constantinople) is
there spelt [Hebrew:] not [Hebrew:]. [Hebrew:] may be read
[Hebrew:]; I have rendered it Hainault in accordance with
Deguigne's _Memoir_, referred to by Asher. Maurienne
(mentioned p. 79) embraced Savoy and the Maritime Alps. It
was named after the Moors who settled there.]

[Footnote 199: Simasin or Timasin is doubtless near Lake
Timsah. Sunbat is spoken of by Arabic writers as noted for
its linen manufactures and trade.]

[Footnote 200: Elim has been identified with Wadi Gharandel.
It is reached in two hours from the bitter spring in the
Wadi Hawara, believed to be the _Marah_ of the Bible.
Burckhardt conjectures that the juice of the berry of the
gharkad, a shrub growing in the neighbourhood, may have the
property, like the juice of the pomegranate, of improving
brackish water; see p. 475, Baedecker's _Egypt_, 1879
edition. Professor Lepsius was responsible for the chapter
on the Sinai routes.]

[Footnote 201: A journey of two days would bring the
traveller to the luxuriant oasis of Firan, which ancient
tradition and modern explorers agree in identifying as
Rephidim. From Firan it is held, by Professor Sayce and
others, that the main body of the Israelites with their
flocks and herds probably passed the Wadi esh-Shekh, while
Moses and the elders went by Wadi Selaf and Nakb el-Hawa.
The final camping-ground, at which took place the giving of
the Law, is supposed to be the Raha plain at the foot of the
peak of Jebel Musa. It may be mentioned that some explorers