MAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

The origin of man has not yet been determined. Methods of recounting
prehistoric time: (1) geologic method, (2) paleontology, (3) anatomy,
(4) cultures. Prehistoric types of the human race. The unity of the
human race. The primitive home of man may be determined in a general
way. The antiquity of man is shown in racial differentiation. The
evidences of man's ancient life in different localities: (1) caves, (2)
shell mounds, (3) river and glacial drifts, (4) burial-mounds, (5)
battle-fields and village sites, (6) lake-dwellings. Knowledge of
man's antiquity influences reflective thinking.

{viii}

V. THE ECONOMIC FACTORS OF PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

The efforts of man to satisfy physical needs. The attempt to satisfy
hunger and protect from cold. The methods of procuring food in
primitive times. The variety of food was constantly increased. The
food-supply was increased by inventions. The discovery and use of
fire. Cooking added to the economy of the food-supply. The
domestication of animals. The beginnings of agriculture were very
meagre. The manufacture of clothing. Primitive shelters and houses.
Discovery and use of metals. Transportation as a means of economic
development. Trade, or exchange of goods. The struggle for existence
develops the individual and the race.

VI. PRIMITIVE SOCIAL LIFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

The character of primitive social life. The family is the most
persistent of social origins. Kinship is a strong factor in social
organization. The earliest form of social order. The reign of custom.
The Greek and Roman family was strongly organized. In primitive
society religion occupied a prominent place. Spirit worship. Moral
conditions. Warfare and social progress. Mutual aid developed slowly.

_PART III_

SEATS OF EARLY CIVILIZATION

VII. LANGUAGE AND ART AS A MEANS OF CULTURE AND
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

The origin of language has been a subject of controversy. Language is
an important social function. Written language followed speech in
order of development. Phonetic writing was a step in advance of the
ideograph. The use of manuscripts and books made permanent records.
Language is an instrument of culture. Art as a language of aesthetic
ideas. Music is a form of language. The dance as a means of dramatic