alism. The rights of
sovereignty. The classification of feudal society. Progress of
feudalism. State of society under feudalism. Lack of central
authority in feudal society. Individual development in the dominant
group.

XIX. ARABIAN CONQUEST AND CULTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

The rise and expansion of the Arabian Empire. The religious zeal of
the Arab-Moors. The foundations of science and art. The beginnings of
chemistry and medicine. Metaphysics and exact science. Geography and
history. Discoveries, inventions, and achievements. Language and
literature. Art and architecture. The government of the Arab-Moors
was peculiarly centralized. Arabian civilization soon reached its
limits.

XX. THE CRUSADES STIR THE EUROPEAN MIND . . . . . . . . . . . 319

What brought about the crusades. Specific causes of the crusades.
Unification of ideals and the breaking of feudalism. The development
of monarchy. The crusades quickened intellectual development. The
commercial effects of the crusades. General influence of the crusades
on civilization.

XXI. ATTEMPTS AT POPULAR GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

The cost of popular government. The feudal lord and the towns. The
rise of free cities. The struggle for independence. The
affranchisement of cities developed municipal organization. The
Italian cities. Government of Venice. Government of Florence. The
Lombard League. The rise of popular assemblies in France. Rural
communes arose in France. The municipalities of France. The
States-General was the first central organization. Failure of attempts
at popular government in Spain. Democracy in the Swiss cantons. The
ascendancy of monarchy. Beginning of constitutional liberty in England.

XXII. THE INTELLECTUAL AWAKENING OF EUROPE . . . . . . . . . 347

Social evolution is dependent upon variation. The revival of progress
throughout Europe. The revival of learning a central idea of progress.
Influence of Charlemagne. The attitude of the church was
retrogressive. Scholastic philosophy marks a step in progress.
Cathedral and monastic schools. The rise of universities. Failure to
grasp scientific methods. Inventions and discoveries. The extension
of commerce hastened progress.

XXIII. HUMANISM AND THE REVIVAL OF LEARNING . . . . . . . . . 364

The discovery of manuscripts. Who were the humanists? Relation of
humanism to language and liter