Compare England, Germany, France, and Spain as to the
variability in characteristics of literature and art, in moral ideals,
in ethical practice, in religious motive, and in social order. Their
differences are evident, but they tend to disappear under the influence
of rapid transit and close intercommunication, which draw all modern
nations nearer together. Yet, granting the variability of ideals and
of practice, there is a general consensus of opinion as to what
constitutes civilization and what are the elements of progress. Modern
writers differ somewhat in opinion as to elements of civilization, but
these differences are more apparent than real, as all true civilization
must rest upon a solid foundation of common human traits. The
fundamental principles and chief characteristics are quite uniform for
all nations and for all times, and writers who disagree as to general
characteristics may not be classified by national boundaries; they
represent the differences of philosophers.

_Modern Civilization Includes Some Fundamentals_.--As applied at
different periods of the world's progress and as a representation of
different phases of life, civilization means more to-day than ever
before; its ideal is higher, its conception broader. In the modern,
accepted sense it includes (1) _a definite knowledge of man and
nature_. The classified knowledge of science and philosophy and all
phases of the history of man socially and individually are important in
estimating his true progress. All forms of thought and life are to be
estimated in considering the full meaning of the term. It also
includes (2) _progress in art_. While science deals with principles,
art deals with rules of action. Science gives classified knowledge,
while art directs to a practical end. Art provides definite plans how
to operate. If these plans are carried out, the field of practice is
entered. In its broadest conception art includes the making {11} and
the doing, as well as the plan. The fine arts and the industrial or
practical arts, in all of their varied interests, are included in art
as a factor in civilization. This category should include the highest
forms of painting, poetry, sculpture, and music, as well as the lowest
forms of industrial implements.

Civilization includes (3) _a well-developed ethical code_ quite
universally observed by a community or nation. The rule of conduct of
man toward himself and toward his fellows is one of